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  3. Medicine achieved its splendid eminence by applying the principle of fragmentation to the human condition. Our bodily ills have

Medicine achieved its splendid eminence by applying the principle of fragmentation to the human condition. Our bodily ills have

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问题     Medicine achieved its splendid eminence by applying the principle of fragmentation to the human condition. Our bodily ills have been split up and relegated to different experts:an itch to the dermatologist,a twitch to the neurologist and if all else fails,a visit to the psychiatrist. For this last,intangible function the family doctor has been taken over by the specialist confessional.
    Abroad,the family doctor is almost extinct. In Germany,every doctor "specializes". In Israel,you queue at one desk for a cut finger,at another for a sprain,and a third for shock—even if all three symptoms resulted from one accident. In Britain,both the growing importance of hospital facilities and the reluctance of G. P. s to unit their resources has gone far towards making the surgery an overloaded sorting depot for hospital clinics. There is no room for the amateur—be it in delivering a baby or calming a neurotic.
    Consultants and G. P. s begin the same way,as medical students obliged to cultivate detachment. But whereas a family doctor gets involved in the intimate details of his "parish",the consultant need only meet aspects of the patient relevant to his specialty. The more he endeavours to specialize,the more extraneous phenomena must be shut out. Beyond the token bedside exchanges he need not go.
    Consequently,in a surgical ward,there are no people at alhonly an appendectomy,a tumor,two hernias,and a "terminal case"(hospitals avoid the word "dying"). To make impersonality easier,beds are numbered and patients are known by numbers. Remoteness provides the hospital with a practical working code.
    Nurses,too,have evolved their own defense system. Since they care for individuals,they could with dangerous ease become too involved. The nursing profession has therefore perfected its own technique of fragmentation, "task assignment". This enables one patient’s needs to be split up among many nurses. One junior will go down a row of beds inserting a thermometer into a row of mouths. Whether the owners are asleep or drinking tea is irrelevant;the job comes first, in her final year,a student will undertake the premedication of patients on theatre-list. She has by that time learnt to see them as objects for injection, not frightened people.
    Nursing leaders realize the drawbacks in this system. There has been talk of group-assignment to link nurses with particular patients and give some continuity. But the actual number of experiments can be counted on one hand. Nurses,as they often plead,touchingly, "are only human". They shun responsibility for life and death. If responsibility is split into a kaleidoscope of routines.it weighs less on any one person.
The word"shun"in the last paragraph means_____.
选项 A、dodge
B、claim
C、appreciate
D、undertake
答案A
解析 题目问：最后一段的单词"shun"是什么意思?shun的意思是“避开，避免”。dodge"避开，躲避"；claim“认领，主张”；appreciate"赏识，鉴赏，感激"；undertake"承担，担任"。所以，答案是A。
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