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  3. PEST CONTROL (1) Many pest species that are native to North America, such as white-footed mice and ground moles, are more nu

PEST CONTROL (1) Many pest species that are native to North America, such as white-footed mice and ground moles, are more nu

admin2022-09-29  2
问题                                                 PEST CONTROL
    (1) Many pest species that are native to North America, such as white-footed mice and ground moles, are more nuisance pests and are usually regulated by native predators and parasites. This situation is not true for non-indigenous pests in North America, such as brown rats and cockroaches. After centuries, it is evident that these pests cannot be eradicated. The best that can be done is to introduce pest control measures that will control their numbers.
    (2) An ancient and popular means of pest control is chemical control. For example, the Sumerians used sulfur to combat crop pests, and by the early 1800s such chemicals as arsenic were used to combat insect and fungal pests.
    (3) However, chemical control has its dark side. Chemical pesticides have many unintended consequences through their effects not just on the target species but. on a wide array of non-target species as well, often eliminating them and thereby upsetting the existing food webs, especially through the suppression of native predator species. The surviving pests then rebound in greater numbers than ever.
    (4) Perhaps more insidious is that a pesticide loses its effectiveness because the target species evolves resistance to it. As one pesticide replaces another, the pests acquire a resistance to them all. [A] Some species, notably certain mosquitoes, have overcome the toxic effects of every pesticide to which they have been exposed. [B] Insect pests need only about five years to evolve pesticide resistance, but their predators do so much more slowly. [C] So after the pests develop resistance, pest outbreaks become even more disastrous. [D]
    (5) Farmers long ago observed that enemies of pests act as controls. As early as 300 A.D., the Chinese were introducing predatory ants into their citrus orchards to control leaf-eating caterpillars. Insect pests have their own array of enemies in their native habitats. When an animal or plant is introduced, intentionally or unintentionally, into a new habitat outside of its natural range, it may adapt to the new environment and leave its enemies behind. Freed from predation and finding an abundance of resources, the species quickly becomes a pest or a weed. This fact had led to the search for natural enemies to introduce into populations of pests to reduce their populations.
    (6) Because the serious pest is usually a nonnative species, biological control involves the introduction of a non-indigenous predator or parasite to control the pest. The introduction of the cactus-eating moths, a native of Argentina, into Australia effectively reduced and controlled the rapidly spreading prickly pear, which had been introduced into Australia in 1901.
    (7) But biological control, like chemical control, can backfire. The success of the cactus-feeding moths in controlling prickly pear in Australia encouraged their introduction to several West Indies islands to control prickly pear there. In time the moths made their way to Florida, where they now threaten the existence of several native prickly pear species. The moral is that although using non-indigenous predators as biological controls can be effective, these species possess their own inherent dangers that must be assessed before they are released. They, too, can become alien invaders.
    (8) Because chemical, biological, and other methods used individually are obviously not the solution to pest control, entomologists have developed a holistic approach to pest control, called integrated pest management (IPM). IPM considers the biological, ecological, economic, social, and even aesthetic aspects of pest control and employs a variety of techniques. The objective of IPM is to control the pests not at the time of a major outbreak but at an earlier time when the size of the population is easier to control. The approach is to rely first on natural mortality caused by weather and natural enemies, with as little disruption of the natural system as possible, and to use other methods only if they are needed to hold the pests below the economic injury level.
    (9) Successful IPM requires the knowledge of the population ecology of each pest and its associated species and the dynamics of the host species. It involves considerable field work monitoring the pest species and its natural enemies by such techniques as egg counts and the trapping of adults to acquire information to determine the necessity, timing, and intensity of control measures. These control measures must be adjusted to the situation, which may vary from one location to another. The intensity of control or no control is based on the degree of pest damage that can be tolerated, the costs of control, and the benefits to be derived.
According to paragraph 8, each of the following is a principle of integrated pest management EXCEPT________.
选项 A、to control pest populations before a major outbreak occurs
B、to first determine if weather and natural enemies are able to control a pest
C、to increase the populations of the pest’s natural enemies during certain seasons of the year
D、to use other methods of pest control only when pests begin to cause economic injury
答案C
解析 本题属于否定事实信息题，问根据第8段，哪项不是害虫综合治理的原则，原文第8段最后两句提到了害虫综合治理的原则：目标是不在大爆发时，而在种群规模更容易控制的早期控制住害虫：方法是首先依靠天气和自然天敌来使害虫自然死亡，尽量不破坏自然系统；只有在有必要将害虫控制在经济损失水平以下时，才采用其他方法。C项“在一年的特定季节增加害虫天敌的数量”没有依据，不是原则之一，符合题意，故选。A项“在大爆发前控制住害虫数量”、B项“先决定天气和自然天敌能否控制害虫”和D项“只有当害虫开始造成经济损失时，才使用其他方法”均可以在第8段找到对应的事实依据，故都不符合题意。
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