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  3. 【F1】All our reasonings concerning matter of fact are founded in a species of analogy which leads us to expect from any cause the

【F1】All our reasonings concerning matter of fact are founded in a species of analogy which leads us to expect from any cause the

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问题    【F1】All our reasonings concerning matter of fact are founded in a species of analogy which leads us to expect from any cause the same events which we have observed to result from similar causes. Where the causes are entirely similar, the analogy is perfect, and the inference drawn from it is regarded as certain and conclusive; nor does any man ever entertain a doubt, where he sees a piece of iron, that it will have weight and cohesion of parts as in all other instances which have ever fallen under his observation. 【F2】But where the objects have not so exact a similarity, the analogy is less perfect and the inference is less conclusive, though still it has some force, in proportion to the degree of similarity and resemblance.
   The anatomical observations formed upon one animal are, by this species of reasoning, extended to all animals; and it is certain that, when the circulation of the blood, for instance, is clearly proved to have place in one creature, as a frog or fish, it forms a strong assumption that the same principle has place in all. These analogical observations may be carried further; and any theory by which we explain the operations of the understanding or the origin and connection of the passions in man will acquire additional authority if we find that the same theory is necessary to explain the same phenomena in all other animals.
   It seems evident that animals, as well as men, learn many things from experience and infer that the same events will always follow from the same causes. 【F3】By this principle they become acquainted with the more obvious properties of external objects and gradually, from their birth, treasure up a knowledge of the nature of fire, water, earth, etc., and of the effects which result from their operation. 【F4】A horse that has been accustomed to the field becomes acquainted with the proper height which he can leap, and will never attempt what exceeds his force and ability. An old dog will trust the more fatiguing part of the chase to the younger and will place himself so as to meet the feeble hare.
   【F5】In all these cases we may observe that the animal infers some fact beyond what immediately strikes his senses, and that this inference is altogether founded on past experience. And the creature expects from the present object the same consequences which it has always found in its observation to result from similar objects.
【F2】
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答案尽管根据两者的相似程度，类比仍有一定说服力，但如果两个对象之间相似度不高，作出类比就不大靠谱，得出的推论也就不太准确。
解析 ①本句是较复杂的主从复合句，包含一个地点状语从句和一个让步状语从句。②主句是包含两个分句的并列句(the analogy is…and the inference is…conclusive)。这句意在指出在前面所述的情况下，作出的类比不够完美，得到的推断也不够准确。③though引导的让步状语从句有转折含义，作“尽管、即使”理解。主语it指代的是前面提到的the analogy。in proportion to…在从句作状语，意在指出根据两个对象的相似程度，类比仍有一定说服力。
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