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  3. Encouragement and praise can come in many forms, and some ways are better for child development than others. Researchers at the

Encouragement and praise can come in many forms, and some ways are better for child development than others. Researchers at the

admin2015-03-28  101
问题     Encouragement and praise can come in many forms, and some ways are better for child development than others. Researchers at the University of Chicago and Stanford University who studied mother-child interactions over the course of several years found that the type of praise children receive affects their attitudes toward challenges later in life.
    Specifically, praise that came with feedback about their behavior and the choices that toddlers (初学走路的小孩) made helped them to cope better with difficult experiences five years later, compared with compliments that focused more on the child himself, like "You’re a good boy." The study, which appears in the journal Child Development, is the first major study of praise and child development done outside of a lab setting.
    "This is something we suspected would be the case based on a lot of experimental research, and it’s exciting to see it play out in the real world," says Elizabeth Gunderson, an assistant professor of psychology at Temple University, in Philadelphia, who led the study while at the University of Chicago. "Praising the efforts, actions and work of the kid is going to be more beneficial in their long-term persistence and desire to be challenged and work hard in the future."
    Such "process praise" includes comments such as "You worked really hard." or "You’re doing a great job," which emphasize the child’s actions. "Person praise" includes comments like "You’re so smart." or "You’re so good," which focus on a child’s inherent qualities. These distinctions aren’t new in the field of psychology, but exactly how they affect children’s development over the years hasn’t always been clear.
    As part of the study, researchers visited the homes of more than 50 toddlers between the ages of 1 and 3 years old, and filmed their daily interactions with their parents during multiple 90-minute sessions. Five years later, the researchers followed up with the families, using questionnaires to measure the children’s attitudes toward challenges and problem solving. The children who grew up with more process praise were more open to challenge, and were able to identify more ways of overcoming difficult problems. They were also more likely to say that they could improve their intelligence with hard work. While person praise didn’t seem to have any negative effect on the children, the study suggests that process praise teaches children that their talents and abilities can be developed and improved, while person praise sends the message that their abilities are fixed and therefore not easily altered.
    "This study is monumental," says Carol Dweck, a co-author of the study and a professor at Stanford University whose earlier research laid the foundation for understanding the role of praise in child development. "To be videotaping (录制) these mother-child interactions and to be interviewing the mothers and children over the years is an enormous undertaking."
What can children learn from process praise?
选项 A、That they do not need to alter their abilities and intelligence.
B、That they need more daily interactions with their parents.
C、That person praise has many negative effects on them.
D、That they are able to improved their abilities or talents.
答案D
解析 第5段末句提到，过程性赞扬让孩子知道他们的才能和能力是可以得到发展和提高的，D)是对该句中的their talents and abilities can be developed and improved的同义转述，故为答案。A)、B)、C)都是利用文中出现的只字片语设置的无关干扰。
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