首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Don’t Waste Our Oceans A)For too long, marine life has been largely open for the taking by anyone possessing the means to exploi
Don’t Waste Our Oceans A)For too long, marine life has been largely open for the taking by anyone possessing the means to exploi
admin
2015-04-30
89
问题
Don’t Waste Our Oceans
A)For too long, marine life has been largely open for the taking by anyone possessing the means to exploit it. Rapid advances in technology have meant that the ability, reach and power of vessels and equipment used to exploit marine life now far outweigh nature’s ability to maintain it. If left unchecked, this will have far reaching consequences for the marine environment and for people who depend on it. Ocean life comes in an incredible array of shapes and sizes — from microscopic plankton to the largest of the great whales. Yet many species have been, or are being, driven towards extinction through devastating human impacts. The key threats facing our ocean creatures include:
Industrial Fishing
B)Many marine ecologists think that the biggest single threat to marine ecosystems today is overfishing. Our appetite for fish is exceeding the oceans’ ecological limits with devastating impacts on marine ecosystems. Scientists are warning that overfishing results in profound changes in our oceans, perhaps changing them forever. Not to mention our dinner plates, which in future may only feature fish and chips as a rare and expensive delicacy.
The fish don’t stand a chance
C)More often than not, the fishing industry is given access to fish stocks before the impact of their fishing can be assessed, and regulation of the fishing industry is, in any case, woefully inadequate. The reality of modern fishing is that the industry is dominated by fishing vessels that far out-match nature’s ability to replenish fish. Giant ships using state-of-the-art fish-finding sonar can pinpoint schools offish quickly and accurately. The ships are fitted out like giant floating factories—containing fish processing and packing plants, huge freezing systems, and powerful engines to drag enormous fishing gear through the ocean. Put simply: the fish don’t stand a chance.
Ocean life health check
D)Population of top predators, a key indicator of ecosystem health, are disappearing at a frightening rate, and 90 percent of the large fish that many of us love to eat, such as tuna, swordfish, marlin, cod, halibut, skate, and flounder — have been fished out since large-scale industrial fishing began in the 1950s. The depletion of these top predator species can cause a shift in entire oceans ecosystems where commercially valuable fish are replaced by smaller, plankton-feeding fish. This century may even see bumper crops of jellyfish replacing the fish consumed by humans. These changes endanger the structure and functioning of marine ecosystems, and hence threaten the livelihoods of those dependent on the oceans, both now and in the future.
Fisheries collapse
E)The over-exploitation and mismanagement of fisheries has already led to some spectacular fisheries collapses. The cod fishery off Newfoundland, Canada collapsed in 1992, leading to the loss of some 40,000 jobs in the industry. The cod stocks in the North Sea and Baltic Sea are now heading the same way and are close to complete collapse. Instead of trying to find a long-term solution to these problems, the fishing industry’s eyes are turning towards the Pacific — but this is not the answer. Politicians continue to ignore the advice of scientists about how these fisheries should be managed and the need to fish these threatened species in a sustainable way.
Bycatch
F)Many fisheries catch fish other than the ones that they target and in many cases these are simply thrown dead or dying back into the sea. In some trawl fisheries for shrimp, the discard may be 90 percent of the catch. Other fisheries kill seabirds, turtles and dolphins, sometimes in huge numbers.
G)Estimates vary as to how serious a problem bycatch is. Latest reports suggest that around eight percent of the total global catch is discarded, but previous estimates indicated that around a quarter of which might be thrown overboard. Simply no one knows how much of a problem this really is. The incidental capture, or bycatch, of mammals, seabirds, turtles, sharks and numerous other species is recognized to be a major problem in many parts of the world. This figure includes non-target species as well as targeted fish species that cannot be landed because they are, for instance, undersized. In short, anywhere between 6.8 million and 27 million tones offish could be discarded each year, reflecting the huge uncertainties in the data on this important issue.
H)The scale of this mortality is such that bycatch in some fisheries may affect the structure and function of marine systems at the population, community and ecosystem levels. Bycatch is widely recognized as one of the most serious environmental impacts of modern commercial fisheries.
The victims
I)Different types of fishing practices result in different animal species being killed as bycatch: nets kill dolphins, porpoises and whales, longline fishing kills birds, and bottom trawling devastates marine ecosystems.
J)It has been estimated that a staggering 100 million sharks and rays are caught and discarded each year. Tuna fisheries, which in the past had high dolphin bycatch levels, are still responsible for the death of many sharks. An estimated 300,000 cetaceans(whales, dolphins and porpoises)also die as bycatch each year, because they are unable to escape when caught in nets. Birds dive for the bait planted on long fishing lines, swallow it(hook included)and are pulled underwater and drowned. Around 100,000 albatrosses are killed by longline fisheries every year and because of this, many species are facing extinction.
K)Bottom trawling is a destructive way of "strip-mining" the ocean floor, harvesting the species that live there. As well as the target fish species, this also results in bycatch of commercially unattractive animals like starfish and sponges. A single pass of a trawl removes up to 20 percent of the seafloor fauna and flora. The fisheries with the highest levels of bycatch are shrimp fisheries: over 80 percent of a catch may consist of marine species other than the shrimp being targeted.
Technology
L)Many technical fixes exist to reduce bycatch. Turtle exclusion devices are used in some shrimp fisheries to avoid killing turtle species. In the case of longline fisheries, the process of setting the hooks can be changed and bird-scaring devices employed which radically cut the numbers of birds killed. To avoid dolphins being caught in nets, other devices can be used. Pingers are small sound-emitting and dolphin-deterring devices that are attached to nets, but they are not always effective. Escape hatches(consisting of a widely spaced metal grid, which forces the cetacean up and out of the net)have also been used.
M)Although these devices may have a role to play, they cannot address the whole problem. Such devices need continual monitoring to check how well they work and assess any potential negative effects they may have. Realistically they will probably only be used in areas with well-developed fishery management and enforcement agencies.
N)On a global level, probably the only effective way to address the problems of bycatch is to control fishing effort. This will be best achieved through the creation of marine reserves. Nonetheless, in the case of highly mobile species such as seabirds and cetaceans, the only effective way of preventing bycatch is to discontinue the use of particularly damaging fishing methods.
Defending Our Oceans
O)Fundamental changes need to be made in the way our oceans are managed. This means that we must act to make sure that human activities are sustainable, in other words that they meet human needs of current and future generations without causing harm to the environment. Accordingly, governments must set aside 40 percent of our oceans as marine reserves. Marine reserves can be defined as areas of the ocean in which the exploitation of all living resources is prevented, together with the exploitation of non-living resources such as sand and gravel and other minerals.
The over-exploitation and mismanagement of fisheries has led to some spectacular fisheries collapses.
选项
答案
E
解析
细节题。由句中的关键词Theover-exploitation and mismanagement offisheries可定位到E)段第一句,文章中提到过度开采和管理不善使得一些大型渔场倒闭。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/2oQ7777K
0
大学英语六级
相关试题推荐
A、Heisalcoholic.B、Hehaseyetrouble.C、He’sgotaheadache.D、He’sgotastomachache.A由男士提到的“以前我喝酒一点事都没有,但现在仅仅喝几杯之后,我就开始感觉很
A、Heloveshispresentjob.B、Heisgoingtoopenastore.C、Heisabouttoretire.D、Heworksinarepairshop.C对话中男士提到I’mcou
Well-to-doparentsareincreasinglyoptingtosendtheirchildrentosingle-sexprepschools,reversingthetrendofrecentyear
Youmightthinkyoulefttheworldofcliques(小团体)andin-crowdsbehindwhenyoulefthighschool.You’dbewrong.Thebenefi
A、Whenitbreaksout.B、Howitcomesabout.C、Whatkinditis.D、Whereittakesplace.C根据第16题分析可知,选项中的it指代的是火灾。由短文中提到的themetho
Knowledgemaybeacquiredthroughconversation,watchingtelevisionortravelling,butthedeepestandmostconsistentwayisth
A、Akindoflifestyle.B、Meansoflivelihood.C、Aninterestingclass.D、Aseriesofpostures.A文章中提到,对于91岁的贝特斯来说,在她大半个人生中,瑜伽已经成
A、DesigningtheTVguides.B、Bundlingtheguidesup.C、Contactingtheconveniencestores.D、SellingtheTVguides.B对话中,男士向女士介绍了
A、LondonB、Paris.C、NewYork.D、Beijing.A细节题。根据对话中I’vebeentoLondonforacoupleofdays(我去伦敦待了几天)可以得知她这段时间在伦敦。因此,正确答案为A。
Micro-EnterpriseCreditforStreetYouthA)Althoughsmall-scalebusinesstrainingandcreditprogramshavebecomemorecommonth
随机试题
强酸滴定弱碱时,只有当cKa≥10-8,此弱碱才能用标准酸溶液直接目视滴定。()
某母公司拥有子公司80%的股份,2006年6月子公司从母公司购入一台设备,不含增值税价款为200万元,销售成本164万元。2008年8月变卖该设备,净收入160万元。该设备采用直线法计提折旧,预计使用年限4年,预计净残值为0。2008年编制合并会计报表时,
()是将估价对象与在估价时点的近期发生过交易的类似房地产进行比较,对这些类似房地产的成交价格做适当的处理来求取估价对象价值的方法。
根据证券法律制度的规定,下列关于上市公司收购的表述中,不正确的是()。
某企业向银行借款200万元,借款期限为1年。该企业使用借款8个月后,欲提前归还此项贷款,该企业与银行就提前还贷事项并未约定。下列表述中,不符合法律规定的有()。
(2001年考试真题)为长期持有目的,甲企业于1999年4月1日购入乙企业同年1月1日发行、期限5年、票面年利率5%、到期一次还本付息的债券,面值100万元,实付价款108万元。则该债券投资的入账价值为()万元。
某首饰商城为增值税一般纳税人,2017年10月发生以下业务:(1)零售金银首饰与镀金首饰组成的套装礼盒,取得收入29.25万元,其中金银首饰收入20万元,镀金首饰收入9.25万元;(2)采取“以旧换新”方式向消费者销售金项链2000条,新项链每条零
甲公司采用资产负债表债务法核算所得税,2016年年初的递延所得税资产借方余额为50万元,与之相关的预计负债贷方余额为200万元;递延所得税负债期初无余额。甲公司2016年度实现的利润总额为9520万元,适用的企业所得税税率为25%且预计在未来期间保持不变;
幼儿在游戏时总是喜欢争抢玩具。对此,胡老师不合适的做法是()。
在ISO制定并发布的MPEG系列标准中,(12)的音、视频压缩编码技术被应用到VCD中,(13)标准中的音、视频压缩编码技术被应用到DVD中,(14)标准中不包含音、视频压缩编码技术。
最新回复
(
0
)