首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
THE EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION 1 Sleep restores the body and the mind and helps prevent disease by strengthening the immune
THE EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION 1 Sleep restores the body and the mind and helps prevent disease by strengthening the immune
admin
2012-01-14
52
问题
THE EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION
1 Sleep restores the body and the mind and helps prevent disease by strengthening the immune system. However, many adults do not get the recommended eight hours of sleep each night. The average adult today gets only 6.4 hours of sleep, nearly an hour and a half less than what the average person received a century ago.
Only in recent years have health professionals begun to realize the prevalence and severity of sleep deprivation in the working population.
A significant number of people work at night, work long shifts, or suffer from insomnia or jet lag. Others are
deprived of
sleep because they work too hard, stay out too late, or try to do too many things in a day. Adults who regularly sleep six hours or less might think they accomplish more by staying up late, but they pay for it the next day when they feel sleepy or irritable or are unable to concentrate, remember things, or be very effective at their work.
2 Studies show that the brain is
adversely
affected by sleep deprivation because certain patterns of electrical and chemical activity that occur during sleep are interrupted and the brain cannot function normally. In one study, thirteen healthy adult subjects who usually had normal sleep patterns were kept awake and carefully monitored in a hospital sleep laboratory during a period of 35 hours. During the experiment, the subjects were asked to perform several cognitive tasks, such as arithmetic and word problems, while undergoing magnetic resonance scans of their brain activity. The scans recorded each subject’s brain activity from a rested state through various stages of sleep deprivation over the 35-hour period. The scans produced images showing increased activity in some regions of the brain and decreased activity in
others
. The researchers found that the temporal lobe of the brain, the region involved in language processing, was activated during verbal tasks in rested subjects but not in sleep deprived subjects. When subjects were fully rested, their magnetic resonance scans showed that the temporal lobe was very active. However, after several hours without sleep, there was no activity within this region. The effects of the inactivity included slurred speech in the subjects who had gone for prolonged periods with no sleep.
3 Several studies show that getting fewer than six hours of sleep a night can impair short-term memory, coordination, reaction time, and judgment-thus posing a serious risk of accident or injury. In one study of drivers, researchers reported that sleep deprivation had some of the same hazardous effects as being drunk. They found that people who drove after being awake for 17 to 19 hours performed worse than those with a
blood alcohol level
of .05 percent, the legal limit for drunk driving in most western European countries. The study also found that 16 to 60 percent of road accidents involved sleep deprivation. The researchers concluded that countries with drunk driving laws should consider similar restrictions against sleep-deprived driving.
4 There are other problems associated with sleep deprivation beyond impaired motor skills and judgment. Drivers who get too little sleep may have higher levels of stress, anxiety and depression, may take unnecessary risks, or may express rage toward other drivers. These dangers affect not only drivers but also people who work long shifts or night shifts, such as medical personnel and other emergency workers. The dangers of sleep deprivation go far beyond the obvious risks and can, in fact, undermine all areas of an individual’s physical and mental health.
5 Sleep deprivation weakens the immune system, making an individual more prone to diseases such as the common cold and diabetes. Without sleep, the number of disease-fighting white blood cells within the body decreases, as does the activity of the remaining white blood cells. Sleep deprivation has been linked to a decrease in the body’s production of hormones such as insulin. Results of a recent study suggested that healthy young adults who regularly got under 6.5 hours of sleep a night had greater insulin resistance than people who got 7.5 to 8.5 hours of sleep. Insulin resistance is a silent condition in which the pancreas does not make enough insulin or the body is unable to use the insulin that is present. Thus, the muscle and liver cells cannot metabolize the sugar called glucose. As a result, glucose builds up in the bloodstream,
setting the stage
for diabetes and heart disease.
Glcssary:
insomnia: the inability to fall asleep or remain asleep
jet lag: the disruption of bodily rhythms caused by high-speed travel across time zones
cognitive: relating to mental processes
According to paragraph 2, what did researchers learn about subjects who had gone several hours without sleep?
选项
A、The subjects were unable to complete simple word problems.
B、The subjects had no activity in part of the brain during verbal tasks.
C、The subjects could solve some cognitive tasks better than others.
D、The subjects felt irritable and expressed anger in their speech.
答案
B
解析
The researchers learned that subjects who had gone several hours without sleep had no activity in part of the brain during verbal tasks. Clues: ... the temporal lobe of the brain, the region involved in language processing, was activated during verbal tasks in rested subjects but not in sleep-deprived subjects; ...after several hours without sleep, there was no activity within this region. (1.1)
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/33yO777K
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
Completeeachsentencewiththecorrectending,A-F,below.Writethecorrectletter,A-F,inboxes18-21onyouranswersheet.
Completethesummarybelow.ChooseONEWORDONLYfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes21-26onyourans
Completethesummarybelow.ChooseONEWORDONLYfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes21-26onyourans
Themajorityofonlinesocialnetworkuserscontroltheprivacysettingsontheirprofilestopreventstrangersfromseeingthei
TheInnovationofGroceryStoresA.Attheverybeginningofthe20thcentury,theAmericangrocerystoresofferedcomprehen
WhichTWOofthefollowingaresalesstrategiesforchocolatesinItalyandGermany?AChangethelocationoftheproductonshe
WhichTWOofthefollowingaresalesstrategiesforchocolatesinItalyandGermany?AChangethelocationoftheproductonshe
Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.EffectsofurbanenvironmentsonanimalsIntroductionRecenturba
TheTawnyOwlMost【L31】________owlspeciesinUKStronglynocturnalHabitatMainlylivesin【L32】________,butcanalsobeseeni
TheseatofFrance’sNorthAmericanholdingsintheeighteenthcenturywasQuebec,andtheFrenchheritage______dominantthere
随机试题
水痘开始出皮疹是在发热后
以下是湖北地区生产的名茶有
吗啡镇痛是由于
滴制法制备软胶囊的丸粒大小取决于
法官下列行为中应该受到纪律处分的是:()
如图4-79所示水平杆AB=l,质量为2m,剪断绳BC瞬间,A处约束力为()。
东风公司购入旧设备一台,实际支付价款8000元,支付运杂费500元,安装费1000元,出售单位的该设备账面原值为10000元,已提折旧3500元。则该设备入账的原值为()。
有关增值税纳税人的下列表述中,不正确的是()。
什么是数学课堂教学过程的优化?怎样做到数学课堂教学的优化?
发展低碳经济作为具有全球共识性的选择,将改变每一个企业、单位、家庭、个人的生产、工作、消费和生活的方式。然而,我国的低碳经济发展之路与发达国家有显著的不同。发达国家早已走过了工业化阶段,正在朝着全面信息化的方向前进。而我国是一个发展中国家,人口众多、经济发
最新回复
(
0
)