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  3. A field is simply a social system of relations between individuals or institutions who are competing for the same stake. An exam

A field is simply a social system of relations between individuals or institutions who are competing for the same stake. An exam

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问题     A field is simply a social system of relations between individuals or institutions who are competing for the same stake. An example of a field may be higher education, colleges, and universities. Habitus is a set of potential dispositions, an internalized set of taken-for-granted rules that govern strategies, and social practices that individuals in some respects carry with them into any field. There is a system of unspoken rules and generally unspeakable rules. They are unspeakable because it is understood that it would be rude or socially punishable to try to talk about those rules. Or, in some cases individuals within a habitus cannot even articulate those arbitrary rules because they are unaware of them. That is, these rules may feel so natural and normalized that they seem as though they are the way things should be and always have been. An example of an unspeakable rule might be that a person should never discuss class privilege, as opposed to hard work, as contributing to the success of an individual when talk-ing about the accomplishments of the middle class within a middle-class field. However, within a working-class field of manual laborers, this may not be a forbidden topic of discussion.
    Judith Butler outlined a feminist theory of embodied practice in identity formation. She stated that our sense of identities is formed through repeated daily and everyday constrained and emancipatory performative practices through our bodies. Through the process of repeated performances, ways of being in the world become sedimented, that is layered and accumulated to the extent that these practices become a part of who we are and how we perceive ourselves to be in the world. Butler’s insights about perfoma-tivity, the body, and identity are particularly informative of working-class identity formations that are literally embodied within the physical capacity to do manual labor.
    Butler’s notion of performative identity gives me insight into my own identity development and the discomforts and constraints I have felt within academia, where the mind is privileged over the body in ways that almost obliterate the body. At the same time, the ideology of mind over body seems hypocritical when one examines the class distinctions made through the embedded middle-class practices, in short, the habitus, of the majority of university professors. Many first-generation college students in my the level of classism and racism that exists among faculty, whom they assumed to be educated and to value egalitarian principles. Many students express their frustration at not knowing the habitus of the middle class, yet feel its exclusionary, embodied power. They express even more frustration that the middle class also seems unaware of its own unspoken rules and habitus. Though they can start a conversation about race, they don’t know how to talk about class in a meaningful way, one that helps their fellow students to understand the naturalized class distinctions within our culture. Class is America’s dirty little secret.
Some people aren’t even aware of the habitus because ______.
选项 A、they are socialized in it ever since their birth
B、they are not allowed to talk about it openly
C、it takes the most insightful mind to recognize it
D、it is only true of the working-class field
答案A
解析 细节题。文章第一段称habitus是无法言表的，这或者是因为这规则是社会禁止谈论的，或者是因为人们意识不到它们的存在，因为它们已经成为自然而然的、内在化了东西。一般来讲，孩子的成长过程，就是接受社会规则并用这些规则规范自己的行为的过程，“这是他们社会化的一部分：社会化过程一旦基本完成，很多社会行为规则和思想规范就变成了潜移默化的东西，成为无意识的东两”。故A符合题意，为正确选项。
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