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  3. Scientists have long argued over the relative contributions of practice and native talent to the development of elite performanc

Scientists have long argued over the relative contributions of practice and native talent to the development of elite performanc

admin2016-01-30  51
问题     Scientists have long argued over the relative contributions of practice and native talent to the development of elite performance. This debate swings back and forth every century, it seems, but a paper in the current issue of the journal Psychological Science illustrates where the discussion now stands and hints—more tantalizingly, for people who just want to do their best—at where the research will go next.
    The value-of-practice debate has reached a stalemate. In a landmark 1993 study of musicians, a research team led by K. Anders Ericsson found that practice time explained almost all the difference(about 80 percent)between elite performers and committed amateurs. The finding rippled quickly through the popular culture, perhaps most visibly as the apparent inspiration for the "10,000-hour rule" in Malcolm Gladwell’s best-selling "Outliers" —a rough average of the amount of practice time required for expert performance.
    The new paper, the most comprehensive review of relevant research to date, comes to a different conclusion. Compiling results from 88 studies across a wide range of skills, it estimates that practice time explains about 20 percent to 25 percent of the difference in performance in music, sports and games like chess. In academics, the number is much lower—4 percent—in part because it’s hard to assess the effect of previous knowledge, the authors wrote.
    One of those people, Dr. Ericsson, had by last week already written his critique of the new review. He points out that the paper uses a definition of practice that includes a variety of related activities, including playing music or sports for fun or playing in a group. But his own studies focused on what he calls deliberate practice: one-on-one lessons in which an instructor pushes a student continually, gives immediate feedback and focuses on weak spots. "If you throw all these kinds of practice into one big soup, of course you are going to reduce the effect of deliberate practice," he said in a telephone interview.
    Zach Hambrick, a co-author of the paper of the journal Psychological Science, said that using Dr. Ericsson’ s definition of practice would not change the results much, if at all, and partisans on both sides have staked out positions. Like most branches of the nature-nurture debate, this one has produced multiple camps, whose estimates of the effects of practice vary by as much as 50 percentage points.
The practice time accounts for lower percent in academical performance partly because______.
选项 A、the new paper makes the most comprehensive review
B、the new paper includes 88 studies across a wide range of skills
C、it’s difficult to predict the effect of the practice time
D、it’ s difficult to evaluate the effect of existing knowledge
答案D
解析 根据题干关键词定位到第三段。最后一句In academics,the number is much lower一4 percent—in part because it’s hard to assess the effect of previous knowledge，the authorswrote．(在学术领域，这一比例则低很多，仅为4％。作者写道，这在一定程度上是因为难以评估已有知识的影响。)故D项“难以评估已有知识的影响”为正确答案。A项“新论文做了最全面的回顾”和B项“新论文包含涉及一系列技能的88项研究”均与题干无关。C项“练习时间的影响难以预测”与文中事实不符，故排除。
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