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  3. When did sport begin? If sport is, in essence, play, the claim might be made that sport is much older than humankind, for, as we

When did sport begin? If sport is, in essence, play, the claim might be made that sport is much older than humankind, for, as we

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问题   When did sport begin? If sport is, in essence, play, the claim might be made that sport is much older than humankind, for, as we all have observed, the beasts play. Dogs and cats wrestle and play ball games. Fishes and birds dance. The apes have simple, pleasurable games. Frolicking infants, school children playing tag, and adult arm wrestlers are demonstrating strong, trans-generational and trans-species bonds with the universe of animals—past, present, and future. Young animals, particularly, tumble, chase, run, wrestle, mock, imitate, and laugh (or so it seems) to the point of delighted exhaustion. Their play, and ours, appears to serve no other purpose than to give pleasure to the players, and apparently, to remove us temporarily from the anguish of life in earnest. Some philosophers have claimed that our playfulness is the most noble part of our basic nature. In their generous conceptions, play harmlessly and experimentally permits us to put our creative forces, fantasy, and imagination into action. Hay is release from the tedious battles against scarcity and decline which are the incessant, and inevitable, tragedies of life. This is a grand conception that excites and provokes. The holders of this view claim that the origins of our highest accomplishments—liturgy, literature, and law—can be traced to a play impulse which, paradoxically, we see most purely enjoyed by young beasts and children. Our sports, in this rather happy, nonfatalistic view of human nature, are more splendid creations of the nondatable, trans-species play impulse.
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答案特别是幼兽，它们翻筋斗、追逐、奔跑、扭打、模仿、嬉笑(或者看起来是如此)，即使筋疲力尽，还是摇头摆尾。他们的玩耍，同我们的一样，似乎没有别的目的，只是带给游戏者愉悦，暂时将我们从严肃生活的痛苦中拉出来。一些哲学家称嬉戏是人类本性中最崇高的部分，按他们比较宽泛的概念来看，无害的、实验性的游戏可以激发我们的创造力、幻想和想象力。游戏把人们从永不间断亦不可避免的生活悲剧——与匮乏和衰退进行的枯燥的抗争中解脱出来。这是一个令人兴奋、给人启发的伟大见解。持这种见解的人宣称，我们的最高成就如宗教典礼、文学、法律的起源可以追溯到游戏的冲动，但令人不解的是，我们看到只有幼兽和小孩子才最纯粹地享受着这种冲动。
解析   本句以系列动词描写幼兽的各种嬉戏动作，可将介词词组to the point of delighted exhaustion译为“即使筋疲力尽，还是摇头摆尾”，使动作性得以延续，同时也清楚地表达了其中蕴含的逻辑关系。用“摇头摆尾”译 delighted，增加译文表达的形象性。
  no other…than译作“除……外没有”。例如：The beaten enemy had no other choice than to surrender(被打败的敌人只得投降。)
  将划线部分的第3句和第4句合译，使结构更紧凑，语义更连贯。put…into action原意为“使开动，使开始”，这里转译为“激发”，以与“创造力、幻想和想象力”搭配。
  Play is release…是判断句。译文调整了语序，用汉语的“把”字句将release表示的语义内容置后，化名(词)为动 (词)，让“解脱出来”成为信息焦点和注意中心，与原文有相似的功能。
  excite和provoke一般为及物动词，在本句中作不及物动词用，根据上下文译为“令人兴奋的、给人启发的”。
  本句中定语从句which，Paradoxically，we see most purely enjoyed by young beasts and children较长，且内容相对独立，故译为独立分句“但令人不解的是，我们看到只有幼兽和小孩子才最纯粹地享受着这种冲动”，作为对a play impulse的补充说明。paradoxically本意为“自相矛盾地，似是而非地”，这里转译为“但令人不解的是”。
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