2. 外语
  3. Although for the purpose of this article English literature is treated as being confined to writings in English by natives or in

Although for the purpose of this article English literature is treated as being confined to writings in English by natives or in

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问题    Although for the purpose of this article English literature is treated as being confined to writings in English by natives or inhabitants of the British Isles, it is to a certain extent the case that literature-and this is particularly true of the literature written in English--knows no frontiers. Thus, English literature can be regarded as a cultural whole of which the mainstream literatures of the Unit- ed States, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada and important elements in the literatures of other commonwealth countries are parts. It can be argued that no single English novel attains the universality of the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy’s War and Peace. Yet in the Middle Ages the Old English literature was influenced and gradually changed by the Latin and French writings, eminently foreign in origin, in which the churchmen and the Norman (诺曼) conquerors expressed themselves. From this combination emerged a flexible and subtle linguistic instrument exploited by Geoffrey Chaucer (乔叟) and brought to supreme application by William Shakespeare.
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答案尽管出于这篇文章考虑，英国文学仅仅被局限为由英国本地人或不列颠群岛上的居民所创作的作品，然而在一定程度上文学作品是没有国界的。对于用英文创作的作品，这一点尤其正确。因此英国文学可以看作是一种文化体系，这其中包含有美国、澳大利亚、新西兰和加拿大的主流文学以及其他国家的文学中的重要组成部分。也许你会争论还没有哪一部英文小说像俄国作家列夫•托尔斯泰的《战争与和平》一样取得如此的普遍性。然而在中世纪，古老的英国文学受到了拉丁文和法文作品的影响，并逐渐地产生变化。它的起源是非同寻常的外来的，而教徒和诺曼征服者往往用它来表达他们的思想。从这个结合出发，出现了由乔叟开创的灵活的、微妙的语言工具，并经由莎士比亚将其应用达到最高峰。
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