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  3. The mental health movement in the United States began with a period of considerable enlightenment. Dorothea Dix was shocked to

The mental health movement in the United States began with a period of considerable enlightenment. Dorothea Dix was shocked to

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问题     The mental health movement in the United States began with a period of considerable enlightenment.  Dorothea Dix was shocked to find the mentally ill in jails and almshouses and crusaded for the establishment of asylums in which people could receive humane care in hospital—like environments and treatment, which might help restore them to sanity. By the mid-1800s, 20 states had established asylums, but during the late 1800s and early 1900s, in the face of economic depression, legislatures were unable to appropriate sufficient funds for decent care. Asylums became overcrowded and prisonlike.  Additionally, patients were more resistant to treatment than the pioneers in the mental health field had anticipated, and security and restraint were needed to protect patients and others. Mental institutions became frightening and depressing places in which the rights of patients were all but forgotten.
    These conditions continued until after Word War Ⅱ. At that time, new treatments were discovered  for some major mental illnesses therefore considered untreatable (penicillin for syphilis of the brain and insulin treatment for schizophrenia and depressions), and a succession of books, motion pictures, and newspaper exposes called attention to the plight of the mentally iii. Improvements were made, and Dr. David Vail’ s. Humane practices program is a beacon for today. But changes were slow in coming until the early 1960s. At that time, the Civil Rights Movement led lawyers to investigate  America’ s prisons, which were disproportionately populated by blacks, and they in turn followed  prisoners into the only institutions that were worse than the prisons—the hospitals for the criminally  insane. The prisons were filled with angry young men who, encouraged by legal support, were quick to demand their rights. The hospitals for the criminally insane, by contrast, were populated with people who were considered "crazy" and who were often kept obediently in their place through the use of severe bodily restraints and large doses of major tranquilizers. The young cadre of public interest lawyers liked their role in the mental hospitals. The lawyers found a population that was both passive and easy to champion. These were, after all, people who, unlike criminals, had done nothing  wrong. And in many states they were being kept in horrendous institutions, an injustice which, once exposed was bound to shock the public and, particularly, the judicial conscience.
    Judicial interventions have had some definite positive effects, but there is growing awareness that courts cannot provide the standards and the review mechanisms that assure good patient care. The details of providing day-to-day care simple cannot be mandated by a court so it is time to take from the courts the responsibility for delivery of mental health care and assurance of patient fights and return it to the state mental health administrators to whom the mandate was originally given. Though it is a difficult task, administrators must undertake to write rules and standards and to provide  the training and surveillance to assure that treatment is given and patients’ rights are respected.
The tone of the final paragraph can best be described as______.
选项 A、cautiously optimistic
B、overly emotional
C、cleverly deceptive
D、stridently contentious
答案A
解析 最后一段第一句讲到司法的介入会有一定的积极效果，但是人们也日益意识到法院不能给他们提供standards and the review mechanisms来确保好的医疗。最后也提到 Though it is a difficult task…rights are respected，由此可见其基调是谨慎而义乐观的。
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