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  3. "Fight-or-flight" behavior has long been considered the typical way we respond to stress. But psychologists at the University of

"Fight-or-flight" behavior has long been considered the typical way we respond to stress. But psychologists at the University of

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问题     "Fight-or-flight" behavior has long been considered the typical way we respond to stress. But psychologists at the University of California, Los Angeles say that women have more in their stress-response arsenal than just aggression or escape.
    According to research led by Dr. Shelley E. Taylor and Dr. Laura C. Klein(now at Pennsylvania State University), females under "attack" are less likely to fight or flee and more apt to attempt to protect their children and seek help from others, particularly other females. The researchers call this pattern of behavior "tend-and-befriend," and they suggest an evolutionary explanation for the difference.
    The UCLA scientists analyzed hundreds of biological and behavioral studies of both animals and humans. For example, they looked at research showing that crowding heightens stress among male rats but tends to calm female rats. One study found that fathers often wanted to be left alone when they got home from work. And if they had been under stress during the day, they were more likely to incite conflict in the family. Women who held jobs outside the home, however, were more likely to cope with a tough day at work by concentrating on their children.
    The authors believe that hormones are one reason for the difference, especially sex hormones and the pituitary hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin, which induces relaxation and lowers anxiety, is produced at a high level in nursing mothers. It’s also released in response to stress by both males and females—but its effects are enhanced by female hormones and reduced by male hormones. In contrast, the fight-or-flight response activates the nervous system and causes the secretion of the stress hormones adrenaline and Cortisol. Both sexes release these hormones under stress, but men also release testosterone, which tends to increase hostility and aggression.
    Because female aggression is less closely linked to nervous system arousal, the authors suggest, it’s more easily moderated by learning and culture, although they don’t deny that women’s social networks can also produce stress and conflict. Nor are they saying that men cannot tend and befriend under stress—only that they do so less easily and less often.
    Taylor and her colleagues think the tend-and-befriend response has been ignored largely because researchers studying stress have concentrated until recently only on men. The UCLA scientists are now conducting studies on oxytocin and stress.
Which of the following leads to more hostile and aggressive behaviors?
选项 A、Cortisol
B、testosterone
C、pituitary
D、cxytocin
答案D
解析 属事实细节题。做此类题一定要对题目内容进行准确定位，避免无关选项造成的干扰。通过题目中的“more hostile and aggressive behaviors”可定位至文章第四段最后一句话中的“increasehostility and aggression”，看前面的内容就能找到答案，所在句为“which”引导的定语从句，修饰前面的“testosterone”，故选项D符合题意。其他三个选项均为无关干扰。
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