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  3. Thanks to more than 50 years of research, we know how to change children’s behavior. In brief, you identify the unwanted behavio

Thanks to more than 50 years of research, we know how to change children’s behavior. In brief, you identify the unwanted behavio

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问题     Thanks to more than 50 years of research, we know how to change children’s behavior. In brief, you identify the unwanted behavior, define its positive opposite(the desirable behavior you want to replace it with), and then make sure that your child engages in a lot of reinforced practice of the new behavior until it replaces the unwanted one. Reinforced practice means that you pay as much attention as possible to the positive opposite so that your child falls into a pattern: Do the right behavior, get a reward(praise or a token); do the behavior, get a reward. Real life is never as mechanically predictable as that formula makes it sound, and many other factors will bear on your success—including your relationship with your child, what behaviors you model in your home, and what influences your child is exposed to in other relationships—but, still, we know that reinforced practice usually works. If you handle the details properly, in most cases a relatively brief period of intense attention to the problem, lasting perhaps a few weeks, should be enough to work a permanent change in behavior.
    So, yes, you can change your child’s behavior, but that doesn’t mean you always should. When faced with an unwanted behavior, ask yourself if changing a behavior will really make a worthwhile difference in your child’s life and your own. Many unwanted behaviors, including some that disturb parents, tend to drop out on their own, especially if you don’t overreact to them and reinforce them with a great deal of excited attention. Take thumb sucking, which is quite common up to age 5. At that point it drops off sharply and continues to decline. Unless the dentist tells you that you need to do something about it right now, you can probably let thumb sucking go.
    Now, we’re not saying that you should ignore lying or stealing or some other potentially serious misbehavior just because it will probably drop out on its own in good time. There’s an important distinction to be made here between managing behavior and other parental motives and duties. Parents punish for several reasons—to teach right and wrong, to satisfy the demands of justice, to establish their authority—that have little to do with changing behavior. You can’t just let vandalism go without consequences, and it’s reasonable to refuse to put up with even a lesser offense such as undue whining, but don’t confuse punishing misbehavior with taking effective steps to eliminate it. Punishment on its own(that is, not supplemented by reinforced practice of the positive opposite)has been proven again and again to be a fairly weak method for changing behavior. The misbehaviors in question, minor or serious, are more likely to drop out on their own than they are to be eliminated through punishment.
Which of the following is NOT one of the factors affecting the result of changing children’s behavior?
选项 A、The reinforced practice of the positive opposite.
B、The way parents behave at home.
C、The influences of other relationships of children.
D、The separation of the parents of young children.
答案D
解析 属事实细节题。选项B和选项C是文章第一段第四句中出现的影响此方法成功与否的原因，故不符合题意。选项A非常具有迷惑性，文章第一段第四句中提到“other factors”，说明前文已经提过一个或几个原因。前文中作者介绍了此方法如何操作，其中最重要的一点就是“强化练习”(reinforced practice)，故选项A并非答案。选项D的内容在文章中并未提及，故符合题意。
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