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  3. Usually, there are two reasons to pursue scientific knowledge: for the sake of the knowledge itself, and for the practical use

Usually, there are two reasons to pursue scientific knowledge: for the sake of the knowledge itself, and for the practical use

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问题     Usually, there are two reasons to pursue scientific knowledge: for the
sake of the knowledge itself, and for the practical use of that knowledge.
Because this second aspect of science effects the lives of most people,【S1】________
it is much more familiar than the first. Knowledge must be gained,
however, after it can be applied, and often the most important technological【S2】________
advances arise from research pursued for its own sake.
    Traditionally, new technology has concerned with the construction【S3】________
of machines, structures, and tools in a relatively large scale. The【S4】________
development of materials for building bridges, skyscrapers or highways
is an example of this, as it is the development of the internal-combustion【S5】________
engine and the nuclear reactor. While such activities involve all sections
of the sciences, the overriding goal has been the same, that is, improve【S6】________
the human condition by finding good ways to deal with the macroscopic【S7】________world.
    Since World War II, the focus of technological activity underwent
a major change. While the old activities are still pursued, they have been
largely superseded by applications of technology at the microscopic level.
Instead of building large-scale structures and machines, modern-day
technology tends to concentrate on finding improving ways to transfer【S8】________
information and to develop new materials by studying the way atoms come together.
The silicon chip and microelectronics typify this new technological
trend, as did the blossoming of genetic engineering. The trend can be【S9】________
expected to continue for the foreseeable decades.【S10】________
【S2】
选项
答案after→before
解析 逻辑关系连接词错误。“掌握知识”(knowledge must be gained)应该发生在“应用”(be applied)之前，而不是之后，故要改after为before。
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