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  3. Although social learning (the acquisition of specific behaviors by observing other individuals exhibiting those behaviors) is we

Although social learning (the acquisition of specific behaviors by observing other individuals exhibiting those behaviors) is we

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问题     Although social learning (the acquisition of specific behaviors by observing other individuals exhibiting those behaviors) is well documented among fish, few studies have investigated social learning within a developmental context in these taxa. Rather than investigating the development of a particular skill, Chapman, Ward, and Krause investigated the role of group density during development in later foraging success in laboratory-housed guppies. When raised with a small number of conspecifics (members of the same species), guppies were quicker to locate food by following a trained adult guppy than were guppies raised in large groups. This counterintuitive finding is explained by the fact that guppies reared in the high density condition were less likely to shoal (swim in a group) with others and, therefore, were less likely to learn the benefits of social learning. Instead, fish reared in high-density situations may learn that conspecifics are to be viewed as competitors, rather than as potential sources of adaptive information. This finding suggests that at least for guppies, the early social environment may have an effect on the capacity for social learning, if not on the socially learned behaviors themselves.
Which of the following can be inferred about the study by Chapman, Ward, and Krause?
选项 A、It was initially designed to investigate something other than social learning.
B、It required researchers to observe individual guppies at multiple points in their life spans.
C、It pointed to the possibility that population density may have little to do with guppies’ social learning.
D、It required the observation of guppies under conditions that closely mimicked the conditions of guppies in the wild.
E、It indicated that guppies gain adaptive information from being reared with a relatively large number of conspecifics.
答案B
解析 根据第二句“Chapman, Ward, and Krause investigated the role of group density during development in later foraging success in laboratory-housed guppies.”中的later一词可以推得，这项研究需要研究孔雀鱼生命中的多个时间点。A项该实验就是研究社会学习的，该选项与原文含义相反。不选。C项种群密度会影响孔雀鱼的社会学习，该选项与原文含义相反，不选。D项从文中无法得到信息表明这项研究需要模拟野外状况，不选。E项由原文可知，孔雀鱼在大种群中反而会减少社会学习，该选项与原文含义相反，不选。
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