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  3. The misfortunes of human beings may be divided into two classes: First, those inflicted by the non-human environment and, second

The misfortunes of human beings may be divided into two classes: First, those inflicted by the non-human environment and, second

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问题 The misfortunes of human beings may be divided into two classes: First, those inflicted by the non-human environment and, second, those inflicted by other people. As mankind has progressed in knowledge and technique, the second class has become a continually increasing percentage of the total. In old times, famine, for example, was due to natural causes, and although people did their best to combat it, large numbers of them died of starvation. At the present moment large parts of the world are faced with the threat of famine, but although natural causes have contributed to the situation, the principal causes are human. For six years the civilized nations of the world devoted all their best energies to killing each other, and they find it difficult suddenly to switch over to keeping each other alive. Having destroyed harvests, dismantled agricultural machinery, and disorganized shipping, they find it no easy matter to relieve the shortage of crops in one place by means of a superabundance in another, as would easily be done if the economic system were in normal working order. As this illustration shows, it is now man that is man’s worst enemy. Nature, it is true, still sees to it that we are mortal, but with the progress in medicine it will become more and more common for people to live until they have had their fill of life. We are supposed to wish to live forever and to look forward to the unending joys of heaven, of which, by miracle, the monotony will never grow stale. But in fact, if you question any candid person who is no longer young, he is very likely to tell you that, having tasted life in this world, he has no wish to begin again as a ’ new boy’ in another. For the future, therefore, it may be taken that the most important evils that mankind have to consider are those which they inflict upon each other through stupidity or malevolence or both.
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答案 人类的不幸可以分为两种类型，第一种是非人类的环境因素强加的不幸，第二类是其他人造成的不幸。人类在知识与技能上已经取得了很大的进步，第二类的不幸所占的比重也就随之不断地增加。比如在古代，自然因素会造成饥荒，尽管人们会拼命去抗争，但还是有许许多多的人死于饥饿。目前，世界上许多地方都面临着饥荒的威胁，尽管是自然因素造成了这种状况，但是主要原因还是在人类自己。六年间，世界上的文明国家倾尽全力，彼此要将对方置于死地，他们发现要彼此都生存下来会是很困难的事情。他们已经毁掉了收成、拆掉了农业机械、使船运杂乱无章，这时他们发现，通过另一个粮食充足的地区来救济粮食短缺的地区并不是一件易事，不过如果经济体系运行正常的话，可能做起来会容易一些。这个例证表明，人才是人类最大的敌人。诚然，在自然面前，我们仍难逃一死，但随着医药研究的进步，人类可以满足自己延长生命的膨胀之心。我们本应希望长生不死，希望得到天堂般永恒的快乐，依靠神迹可永不厌倦。但事实是，如果你问一个上了年纪的正直的人，他很可能会告诉你，他已经尝遍了人生百味，不希望作为一个“新人”再活一次了。所以对于未来，我们可以认为，人类需要考虑的是，人类由于自己的愚蠢或怨恨或兼而有之，互相打击压榨，这才是最重要的罪恶啊。
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