2. 外语
  3. The authority of science, which is recognized by most philosophers of the modern epoch, is a very different thing from the autho

The authority of science, which is recognized by most philosophers of the modern epoch, is a very different thing from the autho

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问题   The authority of science, which is recognized by most philosophers of the modern epoch, is a very different thing from the authority of the Church, since it is intellectual, not governmental. No penalties fall upon those who reject it; no prudential arguments influence those who accept it. It prevails solely by its intrinsic appeal to reason. It is, moreover, a piecemeal and partial authority; it does not, like the body of Catholic dogma, lay down a complete system, covering human morality, human hopes, and the past and future history of the universe. It pronounces only on whatever, at the time, appears to have been scientifically ascertained, which is a small island in an ocean of nescience (非科学). There is yet another difference from ecclesiastical authority, which declares its pronouncements to be absolutely certain and eternally unalterable; the pronouncements of science are made tentatively on a basis of probability, and are regarded as liable to modification. This produces a temper of mind very different from that of the medieval dogmatist.
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答案科学的权威性已经得到了绝大部分现代社会哲人的认可，科学的权威与教会的权威是不同的，因为科学权威是智慧性的，而不是政府性的。拒绝科学的人不会因此而受到惩罚，接受科学的人也不会受到谨慎论点的影响。它仅仅是依靠自身对理性的呼唤而盛行。此外，它是一种零碎的权威，不象天主教的教条那样阐述一套完整的体系，涵盖了人类道德，人类希望以及宇宙过去及未来的历史。它仅仅是宣告那些当时看起来能科学地确定的一切事物，这些事物仅仅是非科学海洋中的一片小岛。科学权威与教会权威还有另外一个差别，教会权威声称她的声明是完全确定，永远不可更改的；而科学声明则是实验性地建立在可能性基础上，它们是可以修改的。科学的这一特点使人们的思想性情与中世纪的独断论者大相径庭。
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