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  3. In most systems of medicine, the healer artfully evokes the patient’s powers of self-suggestion, which are responsible for whate

In most systems of medicine, the healer artfully evokes the patient’s powers of self-suggestion, which are responsible for whate

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问题     In most systems of medicine, the healer artfully evokes the patient’s powers of self-suggestion, which are responsible for whatever healing may occur. This mysterious gift of self-healing is cloaked with an anodyne(止痛的) label, the "placebo effect", and recognized only as a nuisance likely to confound clinical trials. But the placebo ( Latin for "I will please" ) and its shadowy twin the nocebo ( "I will harm" ) are much more than methodological problems: they lie at the heart of every interaction between doctor and patient.
    How they work no one knows. But the brain rules the body in many subconscious ways, including its control of the body’s major hormones and its subtle influence over the immune system. So it’s possible that, in ways yet unknown, expectations about health or disease are sometimes translated in to a bodily reaction that fulfils them. The power of these effects is hard to overstate.
    A rule of thumb is that 30 percent of patients in the placebo half of a drug trial ( i. e. those who unknowingly receive a dummy pill instead of the real thing) will experience all improvement in symptoms. But the proportion may be much higher. Just like real drugs, placebo pills can produce stronger effects in larger doses. Patients will report greater relief when given a larger pill, or two dummy capsules instead of one.
    Doctors’ expectations also contribute to the awesome power of the placebo effect. In a study of tooth extraction, patients were given either a painkiller or sham drugs. Some dentists were assigned to give either drug, without knowing which, but other dentists knew they would be giving only sham drugs. The patients whose dentists thought they had at least a 50-50 chance of giving a painkiller suffered significantly less pain.  Presumably, doctors transmit their expectations to the patient through subtle cues, often without knowing they are doing so.
How does placebo work?
选项 A、It fights the virus in human bodies.
B、It works through people’s mental power.
C、It controls the hormones in human bodies.
D、It strengthens people’s immune system.
答案B
解析 第二段对placebo可能如伺起作用进行了介绍，从the brain rules the body和expectations about health or disease are sometimes translated into a bodily reaction这些语句可归纳推理得出B)这个结论。placebo作为安慰剂只通过人们的心理作用起作用，本身是没有任何药理作用的，也就不可能对抗人体内的病毒，排除A)；从第二段第二句可知，placebo作用于人脑，人脑再控制荷尔蒙，所以C)的说法不准确；同样道理，从第二段第二句町知，placebo作用于人脑，人脑再对免疫系统施加微妙的影响，故D)的说法也不准确。
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