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  3. The problem of how health-care resources should be allocated or apportioned, so that they are distributed in both the most just

The problem of how health-care resources should be allocated or apportioned, so that they are distributed in both the most just

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问题     The problem of how health-care resources should be allocated or apportioned, so that they are distributed in both the most just and most efficient way, is not a new one. Every health system in an economically developed society is faced with the need to decide(either formally or informally)what proportion of the community’s total resources should be spent on health-care; how resources are to be apportioned; what diseases and disabilities and which forms of treatment are to be given priority; which members of the community are to be given special consideration in respect of their health needs; and which forms of treatment are the most cost-effective.
    What is new is that, from the 1950s onwards, there have been certain general changes in outlook about the finitude of resources as a whole and of health-care resources in particular, as well as more specific changes regarding the clientele of health-care resources and the cost to the community of those resources. Thus, in the 1950s and 1960s, there emerged awareness in Western societies that resources for the provision of fossil fuel energy were finite and exhaustible and that the capacity of nature or the environment to sustain economic development and population was also finite. In other words, we became aware of the obvious fact that there were "limits to growth". The new consciousness that there were also severe limits to health-care resources was part of this general revelation of the obvious. Looking back, it now seems quite incredible that in the national health systems that emerged in many countries in the years immediately after the 1939-1945 World War, it was assumed without question that all the basic health needs of any community could be satisfied, at least in principle; the "invisible hand" of economic progress would provide.
    However, at exactly the same time as this new realization of the finite character of health-care resources was sinking in, an awareness of a contrary kind was developing in Western societies: that people have a basic right to health-care as a necessary condition of a proper human life. Like education, political and legal processes and institutions, public order, communication, transport and money supply, health-care came to be seen as one of the fundamental social facilities necessary for people to exercise their other rights as autonomous human beings. People are not in a position to exercise personal liberty and to be self-determining if they are poverty-stricken, or deprived of basic education, or do not live within a context of law and order. In the same way, basic health-care is a condition of the exercise of autonomy.
When did health-care come to be seen as a right?
选项 A、Before WWII.
B、Before 1950s.
C、At about the time that the limits of health-care resources became evident.
D、At about the time when the belief that economic progress would produce all the health-care resources prevailed.
答案C
解析 细节题。根据第三段However．at exactly the same time as this newrealization of the finite character of health．care resources was sinking in，an awareness ofa contrary kind was developing in Western societies：that people have a basic right tohealth—care as a necessary condition of a proper human life．“然而，就在这种认为卫生资源是有限的新思想销声匿迹的同时，一种相反的思想在西方社会发展起来了。这种思想认为享受卫生保健是人们的一项基本权利，而这种权力是人们正常生活的必要条件。”可知C选项的表述“几乎在人们认识到医疗资源是有限的同时，医疗保健开始被看做是人们的一项权利”是正确的．因此选C。
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