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  3. Like other forms of life on this planet, human beings confront a basic task: to deal satisfactorily with their conflicts and the

Like other forms of life on this planet, human beings confront a basic task: to deal satisfactorily with their conflicts and the

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问题     Like other forms of life on this planet, human beings confront a basic task: to deal satisfactorily with their conflicts and thereby secure the advantages of community and cooperation.【F1】Unlike other forms of life, human beings are endowed with a capacity to reflect on this task and to search for better solutions by conscious thought and deliberate choices.
    The task of overcoming conflicts and achieving community and cooperation arises because human beings are unable and unwilling to live in complete isolation.【F2】The advantages of cooperation and community life are so numerous and so obvious that they must have been evident to man from earliest times. By now, our ancestors have closed off the choice; for most of us the option of total isolation from a community is, realistically speaking, no longer open.
    【F3】Nonetheless, however strongly human beings are driven to seek the company of one another, and despite thousands of years’ practice they have never discovered a way in which they can live together without conflict. Conflict exists when one individual wishes to follow a line of action that would make it difficult or impossible for someone else to pursue his own desires. Conflict seems to be an inescapable aspect of the community and consequently of human being. Why conflict seems inescapable is a question that has troubled many people: philosophers, theologians, historians, social scientists, and doubtless a great many ordinary people. James Madison held that conflict was built into the very nature of men and women. Human beings have diverse abilities, he wrote in The Federalist, and these in turn produce diverse interests.【F4】"As long as man has irrational ideas, and he is at liberty to exercise it," Madison wrote, "different opinions will be formed."
    Whatever the explanation for conflict may be, and Madison’s is but one of many, its experience is one of the prime facts of all community of life. Yet if this were the only fact, then human life would fit the description by the English political philosopher, Thomas Hobbes, in his Leviathan(1651). Hobbes describes mankind in a state of nature—a condition without government—having little in the way of agriculture, industry, trade, knowledge, arts, letters or society.【F5】"And which is worst of all," he concluded in a famous sentence, to exist without government would mean "continual fear, and danger of violent death and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty and short."
【F3】
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答案然而，尽管人类强烈需要结伴生活，也经历了几千年的磨合，但人类还是没有找到能和睦共处的方法。
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