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  3. Whatever the size of the university, narratives about making students "global citizens" are becoming more commonplace.【F1】What t

Whatever the size of the university, narratives about making students "global citizens" are becoming more commonplace.【F1】What t

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问题     Whatever the size of the university, narratives about making students "global citizens" are becoming more commonplace.【F1】What this precisely means is unclear, making it indispensable for us to better understand these narratives, the associated strategies, and so some misleading assumptions on which they are grounded.
    【F2】In the mid-1400s, when sailors had no instruments to determine their position with accuracy, they used a navigational technique known as the rule of marteloio to determine routes from harbour to harbour. Today, similar routes are being drawn between universities, creating global networks. Some are venerable, such as the Pontifical universities of the Roman Catholic Church, while others are newer, including the Worldwide Universities Network, with its strong emphasis on research. Others are commercial, like Laureate International Universities, a group that claims almost 90 member institutions.
    As with all networks, they can be instruments of inclusion as well as exclusion. 【F3】Global universities are recognisable because they belong to or lead global networks, while smaller institutions from less visible countries strive to become members of these clubs. Although some major networks include partners from developing countries, there is still a huge gap in terms of participation between North and South.
    The internationalisation of universities raises an old problem: the ability to connect to global dynamics without losing diversity. Some aspects of global science, such as Nobel prizes, tend to promote a "winner-takes-all" system. Higher education institutions should take a critical distance from this tendency and embrace their diversity—there is more than one Treasure Island for science. Internationalisation is not about going to places similar to our own country or institution. 【F4】Instead, students and scholars can find stimulating environments and academic conditions that can challenge what they take for granted.
    We generally assume that higher education and innovation go hand in hand, but we do not know how innovation comes about. Research is often devoted to dissemination, financing, or public policy, but there is less evidence on why an innovation occurs. The only reasonable assumption is that it happens in adverse conditions, when we have to overcome a problem. 【F5】That’s why it’s important to put students and scholars in challenging, diverse situations and help them learn different ways of thinking. From my point of view, facilitating access and promoting diversity should be the compass of all internationalisation strategies. So, anchors aweigh, and let’s sail.
【F2】
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答案15世纪中叶，水手们由于没有仪器确定其准确位置，便使用一种名为马特洛约规则的航海技术来确定从一个港口到另外一个港口的路线。
解析 (1)英语中，有些定语从句兼有状语从句的职能，在逻辑上与主句有状语关系，说明原因、结果、目的、让步等关系。翻译时，考生可以适当添加逻辑词。翻译when sailors had no instruments to determine their position with accuracy时，可以灵活处理，将其译为“水手们由于没有仪器确定他们的准确位置”。
(2)known as the rule of marteloio是technique的后置定语，译为“名为马特洛约规则的”。
(3)to determine routes from harbour to harbour为目的状语，译为“来确定从一个港口到另
外一个港口的路线”。
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