2. 外语
  3. For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatures—learn to do things because certain acts lead to "

For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatures—learn to do things because certain acts lead to "

admin2012-07-17  44
问题     For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatures—learn to do things because certain acts lead to "rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological (生理的) "drives" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
    It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
    Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children’s responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement "switched on" a display of lights—and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or ever to make as many as three turns to one side.
    Papousek’s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would "smile and bubble" when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby______.
选项 A、would make learned responses when it: saw the milk
B、would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink
C、would continue the simple movements without being given milk
D、would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink
答案C
解析 本题是一道具体细节题。问帕剖赛克在其研究中注意到婴儿会怎样。根据文章第三段内容，帕剖赛克开始按通常的办法教婴儿学做一些简单的动作，如摇头，并以牛奶作为奖赏；结果他发现，一旦婴儿喝够了之后便拒绝再喝牛奶，但仍然继续做那些学会了的动作，而且表现出高兴的神色。帕剖赛克进一步研究4个月大的婴儿在不提供牛奶的情况下的反应，结果发现，如果他们左右摆头能点亮显示灯，他们不仅能学会左右摆头，而且还能学会相当复杂的摆头方式，如向一边连续摆两次或三次，只要这种摆头动作能点亮显示灯。因此，本题的正确答案应是C“不给牛奶喝婴儿也会学做动作”。
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