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  3. The English word "empathy" came into being only about a century ago as a translation for the German psychological term Einfuhlun

The English word "empathy" came into being only about a century ago as a translation for the German psychological term Einfuhlun

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问题    The English word "empathy" came into being only about a century ago as a translation for the German psychological term Einfuhlung, literally meaning "feeling-in." English-speaking psychologists suggested a handful of other translations for the word, including "animation," "play," "aesthetic sympathy," and "semblance." But in 1908 two psychologists from Cornell and the University of Cambridge suggested "empathy" for Einfuhlung, drawing on the Greek "em" for "in" and "pathos" for "feeling," and it stuck.
   【R1】__________
   Some of the earliest psychology experiments on empathy focused on "kinaesthetic empathy," a bodily feeling or movement that produced a sense of merging with an object. One subject imagining a bunch of grapes felt "a cool, juicy feeling all over." The arts critics of the 1920s claimed that with empathy, audience members could feel as if they were carrying out the abstract movements of new modern dance.
   By mid-century, empathy’s definition began to shift as some psychologists turned their attention to the science of social relations. 【R2】__________In the process, she deliberately rejected empathy’s early meaning of imaginative projection, and instead emphasized interpersonal connection as the core of the concept.
   In the flurry of experimental studies of empathy that followed, psychologists began to differentiate "true" empathy, defined as the accurate appraisal of another’s thoughts or feelings, from what they called "projection." 【R3】__________
   In the past few decades, interest in empathy has spread beyond psychology to primatology and neuroscience. 【R4】__________Other recent studies have further widened empathy’s reach into fields like economics and literature, finding that wealth disparities weaken empathic response and that reading fiction can improve it.
   But there is still some cultural debate about what empathy means today. And in the psychology community, the answers are no more clear-cut. 【R5】__________ The social psychologist C. Daniel Batson, who has researched empathy for decades, argues that the term can now refer to eight different concepts: knowing another’s thoughts and feelings; imagining another’s thoughts and feelings; adopting the posture of another, actually feeling as another does; imagining how one would feel or think in another’s place; feeling distress at another’s suffering; feeling for another’s suffering, sometimes called pity or compassion; and projecting oneself into another’s situation.
   [A] In 1948, the experimental psychologist Rosalind Dymond Cartwright, in collaboration with her sociologist mentor, Leonard Cottrell, conducted some of the first tests measuring interpersonal empathy.
   [B] In 1955, Reader’s Digest defined the term, which was new to the public outside of academia, as the "ability to appreciate the other person’s feelings without yourself becoming so emotionally involved that your judgment is affected."
   [C] But the psychologist Paul Bloom has argued that a sense of empathy can actually be "parochial and bigoted," making it so "the whole world cares more about a little girl stuck in a well than they do about the possible deaths of millions and millions due to climate change."
   [D] Psychological studies find that empathy can reduce stereotypical thinking although sometimes empathy as emotion-sharing draws too much attention to an individual, standing in the way of effective social change.
   [E] At the time the term was coined, empathy was not primarily a means to feel another person’s emotion, but the very opposite: To have empathy, in the early 1900s, was to enliven an object, or to project one’s own imagined feelings onto the world.
   [F] In the 1990s, scientists studying monkeys discovered mirror neurons, cells in the animals’ brains that fired not only when a monkey moved, but also when the monkey saw another one make the same movement The discovery of mirror neurons spurred a wave of research into empathy and brain activity that quickly extended to humans as well.
   [G] Critics of the mirror-neuron theory, for example, question not only the location of these neurons in the human brain, but whether simulation of another’s gestures is a good description of empathy in the first place.
【R2】
选项
答案A
解析 空格前谈到对empathy的定义转移到社会关系的科学上。空格后说she强调人际关系是empathy的概念核心；其中，she的指代对象在空格前未有提及，故推测空格处应该会讲到某位女性；In the process说明空格处应该会提到某个过程。空格前后都谈到了empathy的定义转移到社会、人际关系上，故空格处也应该与此相关。A提到interpersonal empathy，与空格前后的话题联系紧密。其中，实验心理学家罗莎琳德-卡特赖特是空格后she的指代对象，而她进行的关于人际间同理心的一些初步测试。则对应了空格后的the process。故本题选A。
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