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  3. The quest for wisdom is as old as Socrates, but it’s also an up-to-the-minute economic indicator. A contrarian one: when things

The quest for wisdom is as old as Socrates, but it’s also an up-to-the-minute economic indicator. A contrarian one: when things

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问题     The quest for wisdom is as old as Socrates, but it’s also an up-to-the-minute economic indicator. A contrarian one: when things are going well, you don’t have to go searching for wisdom. It streams nonstop over CNBC, its avatars sit atop the Forbes list of billionaires and each day it proves again the eternal truthsof the free market.Then in duecoursethingsgo to hell;theelites humbly confess their ignorance to Congress or a grand jury, and the search for new patterns begins.
    Tellingly, scholars date the modern scientific study of wisdom to the work of the American psychologist Vivian Clayton in the malaise-ridden 1970s. Clayton devised the first empirical tests for wisdom, which she defined as the ability to acquire knowledge and analyze it both logically and emotionally—picking up on the work begun by Socrates.
    So it’s no coincidence that several dozen researchers in fields ranging from neuroscience to art, music and law have just received wisdom-seeking grants under the auspices of the University of Chicago. The $2.7 million program, funded by the Templeton Foundation, is called Defining Wisdom, a name that implies the researchers will know what they were looking for once they find it. Wisdom, according to Robert J. Sternberg of Tufts University, the author of several books on the topic, is still an obscure field with minimal academic cachet.
    With so much at stake, the program’s directors, psychologists John Cacioppo and Howard Nusbaum, dismissed the traditional approach to wisdom research; rather they cast their nets wide and deep into the pools of academy. The 38 proposals they approved include ones aimed at finding wisdom in computer operations and in classical literature. Starting at the beginning, one scholar observes that "language is the medium by which wisdom-related knowledge is usually conveyed." That sounds self-evident, but another scientist proposes to "explore music as a form of wisdom." "We are trying to think out of the box," says Nusbaum.
    Cacioppo and Nusbaum dismiss arguments about the inherent circularity of searching for wisdom at the same time as defining it. But they have some preconceptions about what they expect to find. They see "wisdom" in part as a corrective to the "rational choice" pattern of decision making, the foundation of free-market economics. Rational choice holds that everyone’s happiness is best served when people maximize their short-term individual gains, even at the expense of the broad interests of society or the long-term future. That is precisely opposite the approach of, for example, ants, which are entirely indifferent to their individual fates and don’t, as a rule, over-expand out of reckless greed.
Which of the following is true of Vivian Clayton?
选项 A、Scholars considered her work as the start of modern scientific study of wisdom.
B、She was one of the greatest American psychologists born in the 1970s.
C、She designed empirical tests for wisdom without defining its concept.
D、She achieved more in the work of questing for wisdom than Socrates.
答案A
解析 事实细节题。根据人名直接定位到第二段。文中谈到对智慧的现代科学研究可以追溯到维维安.克莱顿在20世纪70年代的研究。因此A项为正确答案。克莱顿在70年代进行研究，而非生于70年代，因此B项错误：C项错在without defining…而文中指出她给出了定义；文中未表明她和苏格拉底谁在这方面的成就大些。因此D属无中生有。
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