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  3. The questions of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world’s great writers. Before considering this

The questions of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world’s great writers. Before considering this

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问题     The questions of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world’s great writers. Before considering this question, it will be useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities (统一体，实体) directed against one another, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something which is in inadequate supply. Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are. Conflict and competition are both categories of opposition, which has been defined as a process by which social entities function in the disservice of one another.
    Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the process by which social entities function in the service of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals of groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies. Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Social animals, such as monkeys and cattle, fight to win or maintain leadership of the group. The struggle for existence occurs not in such fights, but in the competition for limited feeding areas and for the occupancy (占有) of areas free from meat-eating animals. Those who fail in this competition starve to death or become victims to other species. This struggle for existence does not resemble human war, but rather the competition of individuals for jobs, markets, and materials. The essence of the struggle is the competition for the necessities of life that are insufficient to satisfy all.
    Among nations there is competition in developing resources, trades, skills, and a satisfactory way of life. The successful nations grow and prosper (繁荣); the unsuccessful decline. While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and this leads to conflict, it cannot be said that war-like conflict among nations is inevitable, although competitions are.
According to the author, competition differs from conflict in that______.
选项 A、it results in war in most cases
B、it induces efforts to expand territory
C、it is a kind of opposition among social entities
D、it is essentially a struggle for existence
答案D
解析 本题是一道具体细节题。问按照作者的观点，竞争与冲突的不同是什么。根据文章第一段第三句我们知道conflict和competition是不同的概念。依据第二段第四旬至第二段结尾我们知道“为了生存的斗争”(the struggle for existence)是“竞争”(competition)的实质内容和根本目的。由此可见“竞争”区别于“冲突”之处就在于它们各自有其不同的实质。因此，本题的正确答案应是选项D“竞争实际上是一种为了生存的斗争”。
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