首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Nurse Home Visits: A Boost for Low-Income Parents Nurse home visitor Tammy Ballard has had some memorable experiences in clo
Nurse Home Visits: A Boost for Low-Income Parents Nurse home visitor Tammy Ballard has had some memorable experiences in clo
admin
2013-08-12
78
问题
Nurse Home Visits: A Boost for Low-Income Parents
Nurse home visitor Tammy Ballard has had some memorable experiences in close to a decade of helping new mothers raising their children in poverty in Dayton, Ohio. Once, she arrived at a new client’s home to find a TV news crew waiting outside; apparently, someone fleeing gunfire had sought shelter there. Another time, she knocked on a door only to hear screaming in response, but no one would let her in. Later she learned it was the family’s parrots, which had been trained to shout at visitors.
Ballard’s job—when she can get in the house—is to try to give low-income parents a leg up. She teaches them many of the same child-rearing techniques that give the children of middle-class and educated parents an edge socially and in school—and that instruction is often eye-opening for both Ballard and her clients. You would be surprised to know what new parents don’t know, Ballard says, recalling the case of one father who thought babies couldn’t hear at birth. He asked, "’When do their eyes open?’ He thought they were like puppies," she says.
There’s no doubt that low-income parents—indeed, most new parents—could use a little guidance. In some countries, like France, that guidance is institutionalized. Nurse home visits for all pregnant and new mothers are routine and free of charge, sponsored by the government. In the U.S. the national Nurse-Family Partnership program(NFP)covers about 16,300 families living in poverty in 25 states, but President Obama has said he plans to expand the benefit, extending it to every first-time poor mother in the country—about 570,000 women each year. The President’s stimulus plan includes more than $3 billion in funding for early-childhood-intervention programs such as Head Start and Early Head Start.
The question is, will the money make a real difference in children’s lives? In a recent article in The New York Times, Douglas Besharov of the conservative think tank American Enterprise Institute and a colleague argued that expanding pre-kindergarten programs "without demanding reforms will not help children." Other critics have also stated that funding early-childhood initiatives is just a consolation to liberal interest groups. .
But the science supporting warm and fuzzy early-childhood interventions is sound and is only getting stronger. "There’s converging evidence from neuroscience(神经学), social science and animal data," says Martha Farah, director of the Center for Cognitive Neuroscience at the University of Pennsylvania. "If you want to invest societal resources where they will have the biggest benefit for all of us, clearly the evidence is there now that protecting children from the worst kinds of deprivation in their youngest years will result in more functional, capable, prosocial citizens."
The NFP was developed in the 1970s by David Olds, a professor of pediatrics and preventive medicine at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center. NFP involves about 64 home visits from a nurse during the first 2
years of a child’s life. Many of the new mothers who receive the benefit are single, are on welfare, have low education levels and are dealing with addiction, mental illness and family violence. Nurses visit once a week during pregnancy and early infancy, answering health questions, teaching basic parenting skills and, crucially, helping moms whose own early lives were often characterized by chaos build confidence that they can do better for their children.
These visits have a pretty good payoff. A recent analysis by the Rand Corp. found that for every dollar spent providing nurse visitors to high-risk families’, the government could save nearly $6 in welfare, juvenile-justice and health-care costs down the line. Dividends for the families’ well-being may be even higher. A study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association(J.A.M.A.)a few years ago found that children in the north of New York whose mothers were visited by nurses during pregnancy and two years after birth were 59% less likely to have been arrested 15 years later, compared with a control group.
Another study, also in J.A.M.A., found that nurse home visits were associated with a nearly 50% drop in rates of child abuse or neglect in new families and that visits increased the amount of time between a mother’s first and second pregnancies. Rates of hypertension(高血压), which is known to interfere with fetal brain development, were also reduced. And mothers spent less time on welfare and worked more.
There’s really no mystery to the program’s success, says Olds. Simple interventions, like encouraging new parents to show affection to their children or to talk to them more, result in huge rewards for babies. In poor families, adults tend to speak to babies only to issue commands, in a business-only style of parenting rather than talking to children to communicate affection, identify objects, introduce concepts or teach language—a phenomenon more common in middle-class and wealthy households. Studies have shown that by pre-school age, children whose parents gesture or talk to them less in babyhood know significantly fewer vocabulary words than children whose parents engage them more often. That deficit can affect students’ performance for years.
What happens early has a long-term impact, says Olds. Indeed, about 90% of a child’s brain growth takes place before kindergarten, so it’s critical to teach new parents what to expect as a child develops not only during pregnancy and early childhood but also as the child matures. A large part of nurse home visits are designed to teach parents how to respond to their children as they age and help them manage the extra burden of parenting with few resources. Says Olds: "Learning to understand children’s motivations and abilities helps parents treat them more sensitively and responsively, and that makes it easier for children to accept guidance and not respond provocatively."
It also creates a less stressful environment and protects against child abuse and neglect, and those reductions can in turn cut children’s risks of later engaging in crime and suffering from addiction, mental illness, obesity and cardiovascular(心血管的)disease. The key, according to Olds’ research, begins with properly trained nurses; home visits by paraprofessionals(专业人员的助手)aren’t as effective. Despite the current shortage of nurses in the U.S., Olds says his program is ready to grow. "The NFP is ready for substantial expansion, as long as we recognize that serving 500,000 new families per year will take time." But it’s an investment that self-propagates. Once the nurses have educated new moms, says Ballard, the mothers start educating one another. "It’s so neat to watch," she says. "We give information to our clients, and they share with neighbors. One client was the go-to person for everything. She’d say, ’Talking to your babies makes them smart.’ And the other moms would always come to her."
What evidence can support that it is best to invest societal resources into home visit programs?
选项
A、Children away from deprivation turn out to be better citizens.
B、Children under an early-childhood intervention are healthier.
C、The NFP has successfully help millions of poor single mothers.
D、Learning parenting skills can help parents build confidence.
答案
A
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/Pj97777K
0
大学英语六级
相关试题推荐
Ithasbeennecessarytoreferrepeatedlytotheeffectsofthetwoworldwarsinpromotingallkindsofinnovation.Itshouldb
Everyonehasamomentinhistory,whichbelongsparticularlytohim.Itisthemomentwhenhisemotionsachievetheirmostpower
Interpersonalcommunicationisyourinteractionwithothers.Talkingtoafriendoncampus,chattingtoa(n)【C1】______friendon
Interpersonalcommunicationisyourinteractionwithothers.Talkingtoafriendoncampus,chattingtoa(n)【C1】______friendon
ProfessorKumarBhatt,founderandheadofWarwickManufacturingGroup(WMG),andRobMeakin,apersonneldirectoratMarconi,h
LawrenceBragg,theCavendishProfessorofExperimentalPhysics,oncewrote:"IwilltrytodefinewhatIbelievetobelacking
Everyonewouldhaveheardthefamousphrase"Angerisonesortofdanger".Itisanage-oldsaying,butitistestedandstillh
A、Bymovingaway.B、Bycallingforhelp.C、Byclimbing.D、Byremainingwithitsgroup.A选项都和方式有关。本题是细节题。从Yettreeslackameans
A、Sellchildren’smusicandartwork.B、Makevideostohelpprotectchildren.C、Producesafetyequipmentforchildren.D、Lookfo
A、Alltransportationsduringthetour.B、Equipmentforthehikingadventure.C、Twonights’stayinSaltLakeCity.D、Threeforma
随机试题
患儿,女,12岁,外伤后复视歪头视物半个月,临床诊断为右眼外直肌麻痹。该患者的代偿头位可能是
患者,男性,8岁,居住于农村。因发热、头痛3天,加重2天住院。3天前患儿突然发热,体温最高38.6℃,伴头痛,大便每日2~3次,稀便。近两天来体温持续在39℃以上,头痛加重,并且出现恶心、呕吐,时有烦躁、抽搐。病前10天当地下暴雨,患者曾赤脚在水中玩耍。体
暂时性牙关紧闭常发生于
定性和定量相结合的分析方法不包括()。
根据《中华人民共和国循环经济促进法》,国家鼓励和支持行业协会在循环经济发展中发挥()作用。
个人消费贷款包括()。
《公安机关人民警察辞退办法》第四条规定:人民警察有下列情形之一,经批评教育、纪律处分仍不改正的,或者经培训试用后仍不合格的,应当予以辞退()。
在5000多年文明发展进程中,中华民族创造了博大精深的灿烂文化。在当下,如何“让收藏在禁宫里的文物、陈列在广阔大地上的遗产、书写在古籍里的文字都活起来”,已成为我们必须面对的现实问题。试想,如果传统文化失去了与时代的连接、缺少了与现代人的情感沟通和心
初中生思维最主要的特点就是其思维的()
中国的饮食方式正在发生许多变化。众所周知,中国的饮食文化具有悠久的历史。人们采用肉、蔬菜、豆制品等能做出各种美味食品。但往往耗时多。这一点与快节奏的现代社会极不相符。如今我们有了许多不同的选择:除传统家常菜外,还有营养保健配餐和方便可口的快餐食品。由于午休
最新回复
(
0
)