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  3. Americans today don’ t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not schol

Americans today don’ t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not schol

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问题    Americans today don’ t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education— not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren’ t difficult to find.
   "Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual," says education writer Diane Ravitch. "Schools could be a counterbalance." Ravitch’s latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.
   But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, "We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society."
   "Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege," writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer-Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.
   Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: "We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing." Mark Twain’ s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized—going to school and learning to read—so he can preserve his innate goodness.
   Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.
   School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who "joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise."  
The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are
选项 A、identical.
B、similar.
C、complementary.
D、opposite.
答案D
解析 推断题。根据题干中的关键词，可以定位到第二段和第五段。第二段Ravitch认为学校 始终处于实用重于才智的社会之中，而它本来可以是一种抵消的力量。而他在著作中得出结论， 美国学校绝对没有抵制美国人对才智追求的厌恶。由此可见，Ravitch批评学校没有起到抵制美 国人对才智追求的厌恶的作用，即认为学校应该追求才智。第五段中提到Emerson认为学校教 育和严格的书本学习限制了孩子们的天性。本段说明爱默生认为学校压制人的天性，追求才智 的学校是不正确的。因此可以判定：二人意见刚好相反，所以D项为正确答案。A项“相同的”，B 项“相似的”，C项“互补的”显然不正确。
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