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  3. The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world’s great writers. Before considering this

The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world’s great writers. Before considering this

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问题     The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world’s great writers. Before considering this question, it will be useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something which is in inadequate supply. Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are. Conflict and competition are both categories of opposition, which has been defined as a process by which social entities function in the disservice of one another. Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the process by which social entities function in the service of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies.
    Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Social animals, such as monkeys and cattle, fight to win or maintain leadership of the group. The struggle for existence occurs not in such fights, but in the competition for limited feeding areas and for the occupancy of areas free from meat-eating animals. Those who fail in this competition starve to death or become victims to other species. This struggle for existence does not resemble human war, but rather the competition of individuals for jobs, markets, and materials. The essence of the struggle is the competition for the necessities of life that are insufficient to satisfy all.
    Among nations there is competition in developing resources, trades, skills, and a satisfactory way of life. The successful nations grow and produce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that war-like conflict among nations is inevitable, although competition is.
In the first paragraph, the author gives the definitions of some term in order to______.
选项 A、argue for the similarities between animal societies and human societies
B、smooth out the conflicts in human societies
C、distinguish between two kinds of opposition
D、summarize the characteristic features of opposition and cooperation
答案C
解析 根据文中第一段的“Conflict，defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another．．．in the disservice of one another．”可知：冲突与竞争不同，前者可以定义为社会实体之间彼此对立的抗争，后者可定义为各个实体在单独争取供应不足的物资时所产生的对抗。竞争者可能彼此并不了解对方，然而冲突双方却互相了解。冲突和竞争这两个范畴都属于对立，对立已经被定义为社会实体互相伤害的过程。据此可知，作者给出些术语的定义是为了将两种对立加以区别。C项正确。
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