2. 外语
  3. Since the early 1970’ s, historians have begun to devote serious attention to the working class in the United States. Yet while

Since the early 1970’ s, historians have begun to devote serious attention to the working class in the United States. Yet while

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问题     Since the early 1970’ s, historians have begun to devote serious attention to  the working class in the United States. Yet while we now have studies of working-class communities and culture, we know remarkably little of worklessness. When historians have paid any attention at all to unemployment, they have focused on the Great Depression of the 1930’ s. The narrowness of this perspective ignores the pervasive recessions and joblessness of the previous decades, as Alexander Keyssar shows in his recent book. Examining the period 1870 -1920, Keyssar concentrates on Massachusetts, where the historical materials are particularly rich, and the findings applicable to other industrial areas.
    The unemployment rates that Keyssar calculates appear to be relatively modest, at least by Great Depression standards: during the worst years, in the 1870’s and 1890’s, unemployment was around 15 percent. Yet Keyssar rightly understands that a better way to measure the impact of unemployment is to calculate unemployment frequencies— measuring the percentage of workers who experience any unemployment in the course of a year. Given this perspective, joblessness looms much larger.
    Keyssar also scrutinizes unemploy- ment patterns according to skill level, ethnicity, race, age, class, and gender. He finds that rates of joblessness differed primarily according to class: those in middle-class and white-collar occupa- tions were far less likely to be unemployed. Yet the impact of unemployment on a specific class was not always the same. Even when dependent on the same trade, adjoining communities could have dramatically different unemployment rates. Keyssar uses these differential rates to help explain a phenomenon that has puzzled historians— the startlingly high rate of geographical mobility in the nineteenth-century United States. But mobility was not the dominant working-class strategy for coping with unemployment, nor was assistance from private charities or state agencies. Self-help and the help of kin got most workers through jobless spells. While Keyssar might have spent more time developing the implications of his findings on joblessness for contemporary public policy, his study, in its thorough research and creative use of quantitative and qualitative evidence, is a model of historical analysis.
According to the passage, Keyssar considers which of the following to be among the important predictors of the likelihood that a particular person would be unemployed in late nineteenth-century Massachusetts? I .The person’s class. II .Where the person lived or worked. III. The person’s age.
选项 A、I only
B、II only
C、I and II only
D、I and III only
E、I , II and III
答案C
解析 K认为以下哪个因素决定了上世纪末麻省一个工人失业的可能性?见第三段K的研究成果。I．此人的阶层。正确。见L35—39。Ⅱ．此人居住、工作在何处。正确。L44—49美国上世纪晚期人口流动性大，就证明不同地区的经济状况、失业严重程度是不同的。Ⅲ．此人年龄。K考察了此点是否有影响，但结论没有做出。∴C．I和Ⅱ
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