首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Inflation Inflation, as an economic phenomenon, is a sufficient condition for an increase in price, but not a necessary one.
Inflation Inflation, as an economic phenomenon, is a sufficient condition for an increase in price, but not a necessary one.
admin
2012-12-01
29
问题
Inflation
Inflation, as an economic phenomenon, is a sufficient condition for an increase in price, but not a necessary one. The lecturer intends to shed some light on inflation from the following perspectives:
I. Significant Periods of Inflation over the Last 400 years
A. in the 16th century
cause: introduction of (1) (1)______
B. after major wars
— Napoleonic Wars and World Wars I and II
C. from (2) to 1970s (2)______
— creeping inflation occurred in America and Western
Europe.
II. Countries Suffered from Inflation besides the U.S.
A. Israel
— prices of necessities (3) doubled every year. (3)______
B. Argentina
— prices quadrupled in 1975, and kept increasing.
C. (4) (4)______
— money as worthless as paper
D. Hungary
— no better than Germany of 1923 after World War II
III. Effects of Inflation
A. on money management
Borrowing gets more appealing than saving.
— those who suffer: salary man, lenders, (5) savings (5)______
and loan associations
— those who profit: borrowers
B. on investment
Money goes to (6) goods and properties. (6)______
— purpose: to keep value
C. on lifestyle
People tend to overdraw (7) in the society for immediate (7)______
happiness..
IV. Causes of Inflation
A. excessive money printed by governments
1. purpose: to offset (8) expenditure and peacetime (8)______
spending
2. result:
— consumption is stimulated
— prices are raised
B. special interest groups’ encouragement
1 .manner — to encourage government through (9) power (9)______
2. result — inflationary policies are implemented.
C. (10) of common people (10)______
Inflation
Good morning, everyone. Today’s lecture is about inflation. In the 1970s the prices of most things Americans buy more than doubled. Such a general increase in prices is called inflation. Prices of selected goods may increase for reasons unrelated to inflation: the price of fresh lettuce may rise because unseasonably heavy rainfall in California has ruined the lettuce crop, or the price of gasoline may rise if the oil-producing countries set a higher price for oil. During inflation, however, all prices tend to rise. Now, we’ll discuss in detail significant periods of inflation, countries suffered from inflation, its effects on our life and major causes of inflation.
Over the last 400 years there have been many periods of inflation. [1] In the 16th century, when the Spaniards began bringing back gold and silver from the New World, prices in Western Europe moved upward as the supply of money increased. During the 19th century prices tended to go downward as food and raw materials became cheaper. After major wars such as the Napoleonic Wars and World War I and II, prices again moved upward. [2] In the 1950s and 1960s a so-called creeping inflation occurred, when the general price level in the United States and Western Europe rose by an average of 1 to 5 percent each year. In the 1970s inflation increased until it reached as much as 13 percent a year in the United States.
Many countries have suffered from inflation more than has the United States. [3] Israel had inflation of more than 100 percent a year in the early 1980s, meaning that the cost of living more than doubled every year. In Argentina inflation was greater than 400 percent in 1975 and averaged more than 100 percent each year from 1976 to 1982. [4] The most remarkable inflation in modern times was the German hyperinflation of 1923, when people went to the store with wheelbarrows full of money to buy a few groceries. A similar hyperinflation occurred in Hungary after World War II.
Inflation has been defined as "too much money chasing too few goods". As prices rise, wages and salaries also have a tendency to rise. More money in people’s pockets causes prices to rise still higher so that consumers never quite catching up. Inflation can go on continuously year after year so long as the money supply continues to increase. Continued inflation affects people in diverse ways. Those who live on fixed incomes, or those whose incomes increase very slowly, suffer most from inflation because they are able to buy less and less. Those who lend money when prices are lower may be paid back in dollars of reduced purchasing power. [5] Banks and savings and loan associations generally lose from inflation. People who borrow money, however, may profit by paying their debts in dollars that have shrunk in purchasing power. Inflation thus encourages borrowing and discourages saving. [6] It also leads people to buy real estate and durable goods that will keep their value over time. In the United States this tendency is reinforced by the tax system, which allows taxpayers to deduct property taxes and interest payments from their taxable incomes. If inflation continues for a long time, the country as a whole may begin to consume more and invest less as people find it more profitable to borrow than to save. [7] In other words inflation causes society to use more of its resources for today’s purposes and to set aside less for tomorrow’s needs.
Inflation has many causes, but they all operate to raise the demand for goods and services beyond the capacity of the economy to satisfy that demand.
[8] Often inflation follows a war, when the government has spent vast sums on military equipment and has not raised taxes enough to pay for it. Heavy government spending in peacetime may also lead to inflation. The principal reason why governments create inflation is that they are able to print money. When a government pays its bills by printing money rather than by raising taxes, the effect is to increase the demand for goods and services. If demand is already high, increasing it will only push up the prices of those goods and services.
But the government may not be the only player in the inflation scenario.
[9] Citizens, through their voting power, encourage the government to follow inflationary policies. In the United States special interest groups often exert pressure on Congress for programs that will benefit them at the expense of the treasury. Few taxpayers actually ask their Congressional representatives to raise taxes. Government deficits in themselves do not necessarily lead to inflation, but they make it more difficult to prevent inflation or to slow it down. [10] Another part in the scenario is played by people’s efforts to protect themselves from the effects of inflation. Consumers want their incomes to increase so as to keep up with rising prices. Those who belong to unions may put pressure on employers to raise wages, a factor that tends to force up prices still further. Those who lend money expect to be paid back in inflation-adjusted dollars. Retired people want their social security and other pension payments to increase with the cost of living. As inflation continues, people expect it to become even worse and try to compensate for it in advance. The simple expectation of inflation thus helps to keep it going.
OK, this is the end of today’s lecture. I hope you’ve had a general view about inflation after the lecture. Alright, thank you for your attention, see you next week.
选项
答案
doubled
解析
在介绍完美国和西欧的通货膨胀之后,演讲者开始介绍遭受通货膨胀危害的其他国家。这一部分首先提到的就是以色列,录音中说20世纪80年代以色列遭遇严重的通货膨胀,物价每年翻一番。因此,本空应该填doubled。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/XTaO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Inbusiness,ifnotpolitics,theworldhasquieteneddownabit:thenumberofspectacularbankruptcies,indictments,scandals,
AgeStructuresinMexicoandSwedenAgestructurereferstothepercentageofthepopulationindifferentage【1】______Mexico’
DangersofUsingComputerTerminalsUndoubtedly,thecomputerhasgreatlyincreasedhumanbeing’sworkingcapacityandintelle
DangersofUsingComputerTerminalsUndoubtedly,thecomputerhasgreatlyincreasedhumanbeing’sworkingcapacityandintelle
DangersofUsingComputerTerminalsUndoubtedly,thecomputerhasgreatlyincreasedhumanbeing’sworkingcapacityandintelle
Ifitwereonlynecessarytodecidewhethertoteachelementarysciencetoeveryoneonamessbasisortofindthegiftedfewan
KimiyukiSudashouldbeaperfectcustomerforJapan’scarmakers.He’sayoung(34),successfulexecutiveatanInternet-service
长期以来,科学与艺术之间的关系一直是剃头担子一头热:科学热恋着艺术,艺术却拒科学于千里之外。许多大科学家一生钟爱艺术,且懂艺术,从中汲取养料,善养浩然之气,或得到人生最大安慰。相反,热爱自然科学并且理解工程技术的文学艺术家真可谓凤毛麟角。
泊珍到偏远小镇的育幼院把生在那里养到1岁的孩子接回来。但泊珍看他第一眼,仿似一声雷劈头而来。令她晕头胀脑,这1岁的孩子脸型长得如此熟悉,她心里的第一道声音是,不能带回去!痛苦纠聚心中,眉心发烫发热,胸口郁闷难展,胃里一股气冲喉而上。院长说这孩子发
雨声渐渐的住了,窗帘后隐隐的透进清光来。推开窗户一看,呀!凉云散了,树叶上的残滴,映着月儿,好似荧光千点,闪闪烁烁的动着。——真没想到苦雨孤灯之后,会有这么一幅清美的图画!凭窗站了一会儿,微微的觉得凉意侵人。转过身来,忽然眼花缭乱,屋子里的别的东西
随机试题
插叙是按照事件的发生、发展过程或人物经历的自然顺序进行叙述的方法;优点是首尾圆合,来龙去脉清晰。()
哪种检查方法与胎盘功能无关
可能患有胃癌的胃液是
义齿边缘不能较多伸展的区域是
注射剂制备时不能加入的附加剂为
小刘是ICU护士,从毕业工作3年来,基本上是一个人护理某个患者,患者需要的全部护理由她全面负责,实施个体化护理。在ICU常运用的护理方式是
若某点按s=8-2t2(s以m计,t以s计)的规律运动,则t=3s时点经过的路程为()。
某机电安装工程项目分为A、B、C三个单项工程,经有关部门批准采取公开招标的形式分别确定了三个中标人并签订了合同。A、B、C三个单项工程合同条款中有如下规定:1.A工程在施工图设计没有完成前,业主通过招标选择了一家总承包单位承包该工程的施工任务。由于
公司董事、监事、高级管理人员应当向公司申报所持有的本公司的股份及其变动情况。依照《公司法》的规定,公司董事、监事、高级管理人员的( )转让行为合法。
论Web系统的测试技术及其应用随着网络技术的广泛应用,许多传统的信息系统已经逐渐被移植到互联网上,Web系统已经对日常的工作和生活产生了深远的影响。为了保证Web系统的正确性,在系统开发阶段就要对其进行全面的测试、确认和验收,而且由于Web系统具有
最新回复
(
0
)