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  3. Iron production was revolutionized in the early eighteenth century when coke was first used instead of charcoal(木炭) for relining

Iron production was revolutionized in the early eighteenth century when coke was first used instead of charcoal(木炭) for relining

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问题     Iron production was revolutionized in the early eighteenth century when coke was first used instead of charcoal(木炭) for relining iron ore. Previously the poor quality of the iron had restricted its use in architecture to items such as chains and tie bars. for supporting arches, vaults(拱顶),and walls. With the improvement in refining are, it was now possible to make cast-iron beams and columns. During the nineteenth century further advances were made, notably Bessemer’s process for converting iron into steel, which made the material more commercially feasible,
    Iron was rapidly adopted for the construction of bridges, because its strength was far greater than that of stone or timber, but its use in the architecture of buildings developed more slowly, By 1800 a complete internal iron skeleton for buildings bad been developed in industrial architecture replacing traditional timber beams, but it generally remained concealed. Apart from its low cost, the appeal of iron as a building material lay in its strength, its resistance to fire, and its potential to span vast areas. As a result, iron became increasingly popular as a structural material for more traditional styles of architecture during the nineteenth century, but it was invariably concealed.
    Significantly, the use of exposed iron occurred mainly in the new building types produced by the Industrial Revolution: in factories, warehouses, commercial offices, exhibition halls, and railroad stations, where its practical advantages far outweighed its lack of status. Designers of the railroad stations of the new age explored the potential of iron, covering huge areas with spans that surpassed the great vaults of medieval churches and cathedrals. Paxton’s Crystal Palace, designed to house the Great Exhibition of 1851, covered an area of 1848 feet by 408 feet in assembled units of glass set in iron frames. The Paris Exhibition of 1889 included both the widest span and the greatest height achieved so far with the Halle des Machines, spanning 362 feet, and the Eiffel Tower 1,000 feet high. However, these achievements were mocked by the artists of Paris as expensive and ugly foolishness. Iron, despite its structural advantages, had little aesthetic(审美的) status, The use of an exposed iron structure in the more traditional styles of architecture was slower to develop.
选项 A、Advances in iron processing in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
B、The effects of the Industrial Revolution on traditional architectural styles.
C、Advantages of stone and timber over steel as building materials.
D、The evolution of the use of iron in architecture.
答案D
解析 主旨题。本文从炼铁技术革新群起，到铁被用于建筑内部，再到外显钢铁在建筑中的应用，可见文章的主旨为铁的建筑用途的发展。选D。文中提到炼铁技术的发展是为了说明它建筑用途的发展，排除A。B、C内容在文中只被一笔带过，不能算是主旨。
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