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  3. Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automatic operation of productive machinery. It reduces the huma

Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automatic operation of productive machinery. It reduces the huma

admin2010-04-12  38
问题     Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automatic operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and physical, in production, and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The development of automation in American industry has been called the "Second Industrial Revolution".
    Labor’s concern over automation arises from uncertainty about its effects on employment, and fears of major changes in jobs.  In the main, labor has taken the view that resistance to technological change is futile. In the long run, the result of automation may well be an increase in employment, since it is expected that vast industries will grow up around manufacturing, maintaining and repairing automation equipment. Unquestionably, however, there will be major shifts in jobs within plants, and displacement of labor from one industry to another. The interest of labor lies in bringing about this transition with a minimum of inconvenience and distress to workers involved. Also, union spokesmen emphasize that the benefit of the increased production and lower costs made possible by automation should be shared by workers in the form of higher wages, more leisure, and improved living standards.
    To protect the interests of their members in the era of automation, unions have adopted a number of new policies. One of these is the promotion of supplementary unemployment benefits plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in a SUB plan has a direct financial stake in preventing unemployment, he will have a strong incentive for planning new installations so as to cause the least possible disruption in jobs and job assignments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements, requiring that permanently laid off workers be paid a sum of money based on length of service. Another approach is the idea of the "improvement factor", which calls for wage increases based on increases in productivity. It is probable, however, that labor will rely mainly on reduction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the fruits of automation.
Which of the following probably will not be a long run result of automation?
选项 A、Industrial expansion.
B、An increase in employment.
C、Displacement of labor from one industry to another.
D、An increase in unemployment.
答案D
解析 文章第二段第三、四句话“从长远来看，自动化的结果将是就业机会的增加，因为将会产生许多生产、养护和维修自动化设备的大型产业。毫无疑问，也会出现工作的经常变动，劳工在企业间的流动等现象。”可知，A项“工业扩张”，B项“就业机会增加”，C项“劳工在企业之间的流动”，都是自动化的结果。只有D项“失业的增加”不是自动化的结果。故选D)。
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