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  3. The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 1-5, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a c

The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 1-5, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a c

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问题     The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 1-5, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-H to fill in each numbered box. Paragraphs A, G and H have been correctly placed.   
[A] Many studies conclude that children with highly involved fathers, in relation to children with less involved fathers, tend to be more cognitively and socially competent, less inclined toward gender stereotyping, more empathic, and psychologically better adjusted. Commonly, these studies investigate both paternal warmth and paternal involvement and find—using simple correlations—that the two variables are related to each other and to youth outcomes.
[B] Boys seemed to conform to the sex-role standards of their culture when their relationships with their fathers were warm, regardless of how "masculine" the fathers were, even though warmth and intimacy have traditionally been seen as feminine characteristics. A similar conclusion was suggested by research on other aspects of psychosocial adjustment and on achievement; Paternal warmth or closeness appeared beneficial, whereas paternal masculinity appeared irrelevant.
[C] The critical question is: How good is the evidence that fathers’ amount of involvement, without taking into account its content and quality, is consequential for children, mothers, or fathers themselves? The associations with desirable outcomes found in much research are actually with positive forms of paternal involvement, not involvement per se. Involvement needs to be combined with qualitative dimensions of paternal behavior through the concept of "positive paternal involvement" developed here.
[D] Commonly, researchers assessed the masculinity of fathers and of sons and then correlated the two sets of scores. Many behavioral scientists were surprised to discover that no consistent results emerged from this research until they examined the quality of the father-son relationship. Then they found that when the relationship between masculine fathers and their sons was warm and loving, the boys were indeed more masculine. Later, however, researchers found that the masculinity of fathers per se did not seem to make much difference after all. As summarized by:
[E] The second domain in which a substantial amount of research has been done on the influence of variations in father love deals with father involvement, that is, with the amount of time that fathers spend with their children (engagement), the extent to which fathers make themselves available to their children (accessibility), and the extent to which they take responsibility for their children’s care and welfare (responsibility).
[F] It is unclear from these studies whether involvement and warmth make independent or joint contributions to youth outcomes. Moreover, "caring for" children is not necessarily the same thing as "caring about" them. Indeed, Lamb concluded from his review of studies of paternal involvement that it was not the simple fact of paternal engagement (i.e., direct interaction with the child), availability, or responsibility for child care that was associated with these outcomes. Rather, it appears that the quality of the father-child relationship made the greatest difference. J. H. Pleck reiterated this conclusion when he wrote:
[G] Research by Veneziano and Rohner supports these conclusions. In a biracial sample of 63 African American and European American children, the authors found from multiple regression analyses that father involvement by itself was associated with children’ s psychological adjustment primarily insofar as it was perceived by youths to be an expression of paternal warmth (acceptance).
[H] Many studies looking exclusively at the influence of variations in father love deal with two topics: (a) gender role development and (b) father involvement Studies of gender role development emerged prominently in the 1940s and continued through the 1970s. This was a time when fathers were considered to be especially important as gender role models for sons.

选项
答案D
解析 (一)快速浏览各选项段落，概括各段大意。
[A]研究发现父亲情感温暖与父亲的参与性相关，而且和青少年的成长结果相关。
[B]决定男孩是否遵循所在文化中有关性别角色的标准(即有男子气概)的因素不是父亲的男子气概，而是父子间关系是否亲密。
[C]除了考虑父亲的参与性，还要考虑其参与的内容和质量。
[D]决定男孩子是否男性化的因素是父子关系是否温暖而亲爱，父亲本身有无男子气概不是决定性因素。
[E]第二个对父爱差异的影响进行了大量研究的领域是关于父亲的主动参与性。它包括投入人性、可接近性和责任性。
[F]参与性与情感温暖这两个变量中哪一个影响青少年的成长结果还不确定。莱姆认为父子关系的质量而非参与性是决定因素。
[G]在黑人和白人种族抽样中发现，参与性本身与孩子的心理调试相关，是因为年轻人将它看作是父亲情感温暖的一种表达方式。
[H]许多专门考虑父爱影响的研究涉及两大主题：性别角色的发展和父亲的参与。
(二)将选项重新组合归类。结合已知段落，把握文章主旨和结构。
    由选项可知全文主旨是父亲对男孩子成长的影响。根据内容，可将这8个选项分成三组：第一组是B和D，它们的内容几乎重合，都是论述父子关系决定男孩是否具有男子气概；第二组是A、C、E、F、G项，它们都提到了“父亲的参与性”；第三组是H项，它提到了以上两组的共同内容。已经给出位置的段落是A、G和H段。首先，由于H段是首段，因此可知文章的结构是总分结构，H项是概括，其余各段进行分述。那么接下来要判断先论述哪一组的内容。其次，由于A段在文章中间部分，G段是文章末段，而A和G段都属于第二组的内容，因此可判断，文章后面五段应是第二组选项的内容，即论述父亲的参与性对孩子成长的影响。而第二、三段是第一组选项的内容，即论述父亲对于孩子性别角色的影响。
(三)留意各段中的特征词，结合文章主旨和结构，理顺各段的逻辑顺序。
    首先，要判断第一组B和D项的前后顺序。由于它们的主旨内容相同，这时需要注意的是段落中的细节。D段的最后两句提到，“研究者发现，父亲本身有无男子气概根本不是(男孩有无男子汉气概的)决定性因素。总结如下。”显然，后面的内容应继续围绕这一观点展开论述。而符合要求的只有B项。因此D在前，B在后。
    其次，排列第二组选项的顺序。这一组中，除了A和G段的位置已知，E段的内容比较特殊。E段提出．第二个研究父爱影响的领域是父亲的主动参与性。因此E段不仅是第二组内容的总结，而且是两组内容间的过渡段。它应该置于B段后，作为第二组内容的开始段。然后，再判断C和F段的前后顺序。这两段的内容很相似，都强调除了父亲的参与性，还要考虑父子关系的质量。而由F段的末句“普拉克重申这种说法时写道”可知，后面的内容继续围绕这一话题展开论述，因此F在前，C在后。
    至此，得出问题的初步答案，即H—D—B—E—A—F—C—G。
(四)通读全文，检查发现这种排列方式使这些段落构成了一篇通顺、完整的文章，因此上述答案正确。
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