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  3. Social control refers to social processes, planned or unplanned, by which people are taught, persuaded, or forced to conform to

Social control refers to social processes, planned or unplanned, by which people are taught, persuaded, or forced to conform to

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问题     Social control refers to social processes, planned or unplanned, by which people are taught, persuaded, or forced to conform to norms. In every society, some punishments or negative sanctions are established for deviant behavior. Without deviant behavior there would not be need for social control and without social control there would not be a way of recognizing the boundary between the acceptable and the unacceptable.
    Social control may be either formal or informal. Informal mechanisms include expressions of disapproval by significant others and withholding of positive rewards for disapproved behavior. Most people internalize norms in the course of socialization. This is any group’s most powerful protection against deviance, in that the individual’s own conscience operates as an agent of social control. When informal sanctions fail, formal agents of social control may be called upon. In contemporary society, such formal agents and agencies include psychiatry and other mental health professions; mental hospitals; police and courts of law; prisons; and social welfare agencies. All these formal agents function to limit, correct, and control violation of norms. Conflict theorists would also point out that social control agents and systems tend, in any society, to serve the interests of powerful groups and to enforce the norms most beneficial to those who make the rules and who, therefore, define unacceptable behavior.
    Social control, whether formal or informal, has a dual function. First, it punishes the wrongdoer and reaffirms the boundaries of acceptable behavior. Second, and less recognized, it regulates the manner in which deviants are treated.
Informal mechanisms of social control include the following EXCEPT________.
选项 A、a high level of interest in ensuring conformity
B、expression of disapproval by significant others
C、withholding of positive rewards for the deviants
D、people’s internalization of nonns in socialization
答案A
解析 题目问非正式的社会控制不包括什么。根据题干Informal mechanisms定位至第2段第2句和第3句、A项“对确保一致性的高度的兴趣”在句中并未被提及，因此并不是非正式的社会控制包括的内容，故选A项。第2段第2句提到，非正式的社会控制包括“接受重要人物的批评”和“拒绝对不良行为给予积极奖励”，而第2段第3句提到，大多数人会“将规范内化吸收”，因此B项、C项和D项均是非正式社会控制的内容，均可排除。
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