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  3. No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is her first duty to follow her intellect to whatever co

No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is her first duty to follow her intellect to whatever co

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问题     No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is her first duty to follow her intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead. Truth gains more even by the errors of one who with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, than by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think. Not that it is solely, or chiefly, to form great thinkers that freedom of thinking is required. On the contrary, it is as much or even more indispensable to enable average human beings to attain the mental stature which they are capable of. There have been and may again be great individual thinkers in a general atmosphere of mental slavery. But there never has been, nor ever will be, in that atmosphere an intellectually active people.
    Where any of heterodox speculation was for a time suspended, where there is a tacit convention that principles are not to be disputed, where the discussion of the greatest questions which can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally high scale of mental activity which has made some periods of history so remarkable. Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up from its foundation and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinary intellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings.
    She who knows only her own side of the case knows little of that. Her reasons may be good, and no one may have been able to refute them. But if she is equally unable to refute the reasons of the opposite side; if she does not so much as know what they are, she has no ground for preferring either opinion. The rational position for her would be suspension of judgment, and unless she contents herself with that, she is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world the side to which she feels the most inclination. Nor is it enough that she should hear the arguments of adversaries from her own teachers, presented as they state them, and accompanied by what they offer as refutations.
    That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bring them into real contact with her own mind. She must be able to hear them from persons who actually believe them; who defend them in earnest, and do their very utmost for them. She must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form; she must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; else she will never really possess herself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. Ninety-nine in a hundred of what are called educated persons are in this condition; even of those who can argue fluently for their opinions. Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything they know; they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently from them and considered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, in any proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess.
According to the author, it is always advisable to________.
选项 A、have opinions which cannot be refuted
B、adopt the point of view to which one feels the most inclination
C、be acquainted with the arguments favoring the point of view with which one disagrees
D、suspend heterodox speculation in favor of doctrinaire approaches
答案C
解析 事实细节题。第三段前三句提到，如果一个人只了解己方的观点，即便其理由很好且无人能驳倒，但如果她同样不能驳倒对方，甚至于不了解对方理由是什么，那么这个人就不应偏向两方中任何一方的观点。由此可知，作者建议人们不能只了解己方的论据，还要熟悉支持对方观点的论据，C项表述正确，故为答案。同时排除A项。该段第四句指出，不了解对方理由的人应暂时不发表看法，否则会像世上大多数人一样采取自己最倾向一方的观点，B项与原文不符，故排除；第二段第一句提到了暂停异端思想，但这是作者不赞成的做法，因为这会导致曾在某些历史时期引人瞩目的高水平思想活动不再出现，故排除D项。
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