首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Community cancer clusters are viewed quite differently by citizen activists than by epidemiologists. Environmentalists and conce
Community cancer clusters are viewed quite differently by citizen activists than by epidemiologists. Environmentalists and conce
admin
2013-01-29
38
问题
Community cancer clusters are viewed quite differently by citizen activists than by epidemiologists. Environmentalists and concerned local residents, for instance, might immediately suspect environmental radiation as the culprit when a high incidence of cancer cases occurs near a nuclear facility. Epidemiologists, in contrast, would be more likely to say that the incidences were "inconclusive" or the result of pure chance. And when a breast cancer survivor, Lorraine Pace, mapped 20 breast cancer cases occurring in her West Islip, Long Island, community, her rudimentary research efforts were guided more by hope--that a specific environmental agent could be correlated with the cancers than by scientific method.
When epidemiologists study clusters of cancer cases and other noncontagious conditions such as birth defects or miscarriage, they take several variables into account, such as background rate (the number of people affected in the general population), cluster size, and specificity (any notable characteristics of the individual affected in each case). If a cluster is both large and specific, it is easier for epidemiologists to assign blame. Not only must each variable he considered on its own, but it must also be combined with others. Lung cancer is very common in the general population. Yet when a huge number of cases turned up among World War Ⅱ shipbuilders who had all worked with asbestos, the size of the duster and the fact that the men had had similar occupational asbestos exposures enabled epidemiologists to assign blame to the fibrous mineral.
Although several known carcinogens have been discovered through these kinds of occupational or medical clusters, only one community cancer cluster has ever been traced to an environmental cause. Health officials often discount a community’s suspicion of a common environmental cause because citizens tend to include cases that were diagnosed before the afflicted individuals moved into the neighborhood. Add to this the problem of cancer’s latency. Unlike an infectious disease such as cholera, which is caused by a recent exposure to food or water contaminated with the cholera bacterium, cancer may have its roots in an exposure that occurred 10 to 20 years earlier.
Do all these caveats mean that the hard work of Lorraine Pace and other community activists is for nothing? Not necessarily. Together with many other reports of breast cancer clusters on Long Island, the West Islip situation highlighted by Pace has helped epidemiologists lay the groundwork for a well designed scientific study.
The word "caveats" (in the last paragraph) refers to______.
选项
A、refusals by epidemiologists to examine the work of Pace and other activists
B、potential flaws in amateur studies of cancer cluster
C、warnings by activists concerning environmental dangers in their communities
D、tendencies of activists to assume environmental causes for cancer
答案
B
解析
caveats原意为“防止错误解释的说明”。这里指错误的解释。这句话的意思是:这些错误解释(指上一段中提到的情况)是否意味着Pace和其他社会活动家花了很大力气做的研究都毫无意义呢?
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/d41O777K
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
Ratherthandoingthisviaauctionorthroughprivateartdealerstheycangivethemtothegovernment,whichbuysthematanag
ThetraditionalAmericanThanksgivingDaycelebration【1】to1621.【2】thatyearaspecialleastwaspreparedinPlymouth,Massachus
ThehistoryofAfrican—Americansduringthepast400yearsistraditionallynarrated【41】anongoingstraggleagainst【42】andindif
Placingahumanbeingbehindthewheelofanautomobileoftenhasthesamecuriouseffectascuttingcertainfibresinthebrain
Hehasn’tanalyzedwhyhetipssogenerously,butIthinktheproclivitystemsfromhishighschoolyears,whenheworkedasab
Itwas3:45inthemorningwhenthevotewasfinallytaken.Aftersixmonthsofarguingandafinal16hoursofhotparliamentar
Howeverimportantwemayregardschoollifetobe,thereisnogainsayingthefactthatchildrenspendmoretimeathomethani
Medicalconsumerism--likeallsortsofconsumerism,onlymoremenacingly--isdesignedtobesatisfying.【51】Theprolongationofl
In1784,fiveyearsbeforehebecamepresidentoftheUnitedStates,GeorgeWashington,52,wasnearlytoothless.Sohehireda
Therearetwobasicwaystoseegrowth:oneasaproduct,theotherasaprocess.Peoplehavegenerallyviewedpersonalgrowtha
随机试题
下列关于陆上开挖、弃渣的施工说法,正确的有()。
过去一个星期以来,差不多每天晚上,本街43号都有人打麻将,由十点钟开始,一直打到深夜三点甚至四点,喧闹不堪,使我们无法入睡。我们曾经同他们交涉,但他们却变本加厉。希望你们能派人去制止这种行为。注意:必须包括对收信人的称谓,写信日期,发信人的签名等基本格式。
现金浮游量
国庆节要到了,咱们把寝室彻底打扫一下吧。
Oneoftheworld’soldestandmostfamousstatuesmaynot【C1】______muchlongerunlessstepsare【C2】______tosaveit.Thehugef
患者,女性,20岁,近1个月来干咳,有低热,自觉乏力。听诊右上锁骨下区有固定的湿性啰音,怀疑其肺结核。为进一步确诊,最重要的检查是
对精神病人、呆傻人员可以决定劳动教养。()
A、 B、 C、 D、 D
Indiahasaboutabillionpeopleandadozenmajorlanguagesofitsown.Onelanguage,andonlyone,isunderstood-bytheelite-
UDP的中文名称是【】。
最新回复
(
0
)