2. 外语
  3. For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies-and other creatures-learn to do things because certain acts lead to

For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies-and other creatures-learn to do things because certain acts lead to

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问题      For some time past it has been widely  accepted that babies-and other creatures-learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological (生理的)“drives” as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
    It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
    Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to“reward” the babies and so taught them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children’s responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement“switched on” a display of lights-and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
    Papousek’s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would“smile and bubble” when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby______.
选项 A、would make learned responses when it saw the milk
B、would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink
C、would continue the simple movements without being given milk
D、would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink
答案C
解析 推理判断题。第三段第二句“Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. ”中表明，Papousek在实验中发现，如果婴儿喝饱了牛奶，就会拒绝牛奶，但婴儿们会欣然地运用刚学会的反应。因此选择C。其他选项的意思都与实验发现相反，所以不正确。
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大学英语四级

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