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  3. Before Dr. Luther L. Terry, then the Surgeon General of the United States, issued his office’s first "Report on Smoking and Heal

Before Dr. Luther L. Terry, then the Surgeon General of the United States, issued his office’s first "Report on Smoking and Heal

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问题     Before Dr. Luther L. Terry, then the Surgeon General of the United States, issued his office’s first "Report on Smoking and Health" more than 30 years ago, thousands of articles had already been written on the effects of tobacco use on the human body. (46)Tobacco companies had countered the reports—which aimed to show links between smoking and cancer and other serious diseases—with denials and competing studies.
    47)So in 1964, Terry and his Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health knew they were stepping into a major pit of controversy when they announced "cigarette smoking is a health hazard of sufficient importance in the United States to warrant appropriate remedial action".
    It was America’s first widely publicized acknowledgment that smoking cigarettes is a cause of serious diseases.
    But the issue wasn’t settled in 1964, nor is it settled in 1997, despite literally thousands more studies—and litigation that has forced at least one tobacco company to admit what some activists say they knew all along: cigarette smoke is hazardous to your health.
    48)More than 30 years—and more than 20 Surgeon General reports—later, the issue appears headed for settlement in the courtroom rather than the laboratory.
    So what are the risks? Here’s what tobacco’s critics say.
    The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says cigarette smoking is responsible for 151, 322 cancer deaths annually in the United States. Most of those—116,920—are from lung cancer. The CDC says men who smoke are 22 times more likely to die from lung cancer than non-smokers. Women who smoke are 12 times more likely to die from the disease.
    49)Statistical studies have long shown that people who don’t smoke live longer than people who do and scientists have seen statistically the relationship between smoking and incidences of lung cancer since the 1950s.
    But a study earlier this year by Gerd Pfeifer of the Beckman Research Institute pinpointed specific carcinogens in cigarette smoke that target parts of a gene already known to be prominent in some cancers.
    Pfeifer wrote in Science that cigarette smoke causes changes in the gene p53, which protects against cancer when normal but promotes cancer growth when mutated.
    50)Another study, published by the American Cancer Society, said that low-tar cigarettes offered no relief from the potential of cancer, and in fact were responsible for a type of cancer that reaches deeper into lung tissue.
    Other cancers are also affected by cigarette smoke. An American Cancer Society researcher reported earlier this year that smoking increased men’s risk of dying of prostate cancer, while other studies have linked tobacco use to increased risk of other cancers, including throat, breast and bowel cancer.
选项
答案一些报告旨在表明吸烟和癌症以及其他疾病之间有关系，烟草公司对这些报告采取抵制的态度，予以否认，并提出针锋相对的研究报告。
解析 本句为复合句，句子主干结构是Tobacco companies had countered the reports。which aimed to show links between smoking and cancer and other serious diseases是定语从句，修饰reports；介词短语with denials and competing studies作状语。本句较长，应采取分译法，将句子断开，定语从句修饰的先行词reports在译文中重复，这样可变成短句译出。翻译时注意语序，由于本句主干部分翻译比较长，因此可先将定语从句译出。此外，注意词汇引申，counter原意为"还击，反驳"，这里引申为"抵制"。而句中的competing studies则需添加适当动词，使其语义完整，这里译成"提出分庭抗礼的研究报告"，这样句子通顺自然
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