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  3. It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginn

It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginn

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问题    It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realized just how bad much of the medical literature frequency was, I came to recognize various sins of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1. 17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. 【F1】There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.
   Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled "The Natural Selection of Bad Science", published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. They quote anonymous research who said pithily:’ poor methods get results’. What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work. 【F2】Nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then count the number.
   【F3】Attempts have been made to curd this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. 【F4】This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favors.
   Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable saving in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. 【F5】If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.
【F3】
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答案例如，有人已经在评估申请人的论文时，尝试除了纳入关于数量的衡量标准以外，还纳入有关质量的衡量标准，以此来多次试图遏制这种趋势。
解析 句子主干为：Attempts have been made to curd this tendency，by引导的是一个方式状语，该结构内核心搭配是incorporate A into B结构。incorporate“包含”。
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