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  3. If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament you would most likely find a

If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament you would most likely find a

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问题     If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk elite soccer are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.
    What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills, b) winter-born bathes tend to have higher oxygen capacity which increases soccer stamina, c) soccer mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime at the annual peak of soccer mania, d) none of the above.
    Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in "none of the above." Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment nearly years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. "With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training his digit span had risen from 7 to 20," Ericsson recalls."He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers."
    This success coupled with later research showing that memory itself as not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize those differences are swamped by how well each person "encodes" the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.
    Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just predominance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own lavatory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming are nearly always made, not born.
According to Ericsson, good memory_____.
选项 A、depends on meaningful processing of information
B、results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises
C、is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors
D、requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration
答案A
解析 此题为推理题。据第三段的第二句“In other words，whatever inborn differences two people．．．areswamped by how well each person“encodes”the information．”从此句话可知记忆能力由每个人的信息解码能力决定。因此可以推理出好的解码能力就有好的记忆能力。选项B、C与原文意思相反，可以直接排除。选项D列出的两点是有意识训练包含的三项内容中的后两项，与本题不符。
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