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  3. Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women’s emancipation in Western societies. Arguments in what could be cal

Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women’s emancipation in Western societies. Arguments in what could be cal

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问题     Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women’s emancipation in Western societies. Arguments in what could be called the "relational" feminist tradition maintain the doctrine of "equality in difference," or equity as distinct for equality. They posit that biological distinctions between the sexes result in a necessary sexual division of labor in the family and throughout society and that women’ s procreative labor is currently undervalued by society, to the disadvantage of women. By contrast, the individualist feminist tradi- tion emphasizes individual human rights and celebrates women’ s quest for personal autonomy, while downplaying the importance of gender roles and minimizing discussion of childbearing and its at- tendant responsibilities.
    Before the late nineteenth century, these views coexisted within the feminist movement, often within the writings of the same individual. Between 1890 and 1920, however, relational feminism, which had been the dominant strain in feminist thought, and which still pre-dominates among European and non-Western feminists, lost ground in England and the United States. Because the concept of individual rights was already well established in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition, individualist feminism came to predominate in English-speaking countries. At the same time, the goals of the two approaches began to seem increasingly irreconcilable. Individualist feminists began to advocate a totally gender-blind system with equal rights for all. Relational feminists, while agreeing that equal educational and economic opportunities outside the home should be available for all women, continued to em- phasize women’s special contributions to society as homemakers and mothers; they demanded special treatment including protective legislation for women workers, state-sponsored maternity benefits, and paid compensation for housework.
    Relational arguments have a major pitfall : because they underline women’ s physiological and psychological distinc- tiveness, they are often appropriated by political adversaries and used to endorse male privilege. But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women. If the individualist framework, with its claim for women’s autonomy, could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of relational feminists, a more fruitful model for contemporary feminist politics could emerge.
It can be inferred from the passage that the individualist feminist tradition denies the validity of which of the following causal statements?
选项 A、A division of labor in a social group can result in increased efficiency with regard to the performance of group tasks.
B、A division of labor in a social group causes inequities in the distribution of opportunities and benefits among group members.
C、A division of labor on the basis of gender in a social group is necessitated by the existence of sex-linked biological differences between male and female members of the group.
D、Culturally determined distinctions based on gender in a social group foster the existence of differing attitudes and opinions among group members.
E、Educational programs aimed at reducing inequalities based on gender among members of a social group can result in a sense of greater well-being for all members of the group.
答案C
解析 个人式主张否认以下哪种说法?A．社会分工提高效率。此点和原文所谈女权问题无关。B．社会分工造成分配机会不平等。无。C．正确。社会基于性别的分工来自男女两性的生理差异。见原文L59—60。D．文化决定的性别不同特征。原文无。E．教育消除性别不平等对每个社会成员有利。无。注意：原文明确说个人式主张不同意，或者提出个人式、关系式主张区别在哪里，才能成为正确答案。而A、B、D、E都是原文未提到内容。
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