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  3. Why does storytelling endure across time and cultures? Perhaps the answer lies in our evolutionary roots. A study of the way tha

Why does storytelling endure across time and cultures? Perhaps the answer lies in our evolutionary roots. A study of the way tha

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问题     Why does storytelling endure across time and cultures? Perhaps the answer lies in our evolutionary roots. A study of the way that people respond to Victorian literature hints that novels act as a social glue, reinforcing the types of behaviour that benefit society.
    Literature "could continually condition society so that we fight against base impulses and work in a cooperative way", says Jonathan Gottschall of Washington and Jefferson College, Pennsylvania. He and co-author Joseph Carroll at the University of Missouri. St Louis, study how Darwin’s theories of evolution apply to literature. Along with John John-son, an evolutionary psychologist at Pennsylvania State University in DuBois, the researchers asked 500 people to fill in a questionnaire about 200 classic Victorian novels. The respondents were asked to define characters as protagonists or antagonists and then to describe their personality and motives, such as whether they were conscientious or power-hungry.
    The team found that the characters fell into groups that mirrored the egalitarian dynamics of a hunter-gather society in which individual dominance is suppressed for the greater good (Evolutionary Psychology, vol 4, p 716). Protagonists, such as Elizabeth Bennett in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, for example, scored highly on conscientiousness and nurturing, while antagonists like Bram Stoker’s Count Dracula scored highly on status-seeking and social dominance. In the novels, dominant behaviour is "powerfully stigmatized", says Gottschall. "Bad guys and girls are just dominance machines; they are obsessed with getting ahead; they rarely have pro-social behaviours. "
    While few in today’s world live in hunter-gatherer societies, "the political dynamic at work in these novels, the basic opposition between communitarianism and dominance behaviour, is a universal theme", says Carroll Christopher Boehm. A cultural anthropologist whose work Carroll acknowledges was an important influence on the study, agrees. "Modern democracies, with their formal checks and balances, are carrying forward an egalitarian ideal".
    A few characters were judged to be both good and bad, such as Heathcliff in Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights or Austen’s Mr. Darcy. "They reveal the pressure being exercised on maintaining the total social order," says Carroll.
    Boehm and Carroll believe novels have the same effect as the cautionary tales told in older societies. "Novels have a function that continues to contribute to the quality and structure of group life," says Boehm. "Maybe storytelling—from TV to folk tales—actually serves some specific evolutionary adaptation," says Gottschall. They’re not just byproducts of evolutionary adaptation.
What is said about the bad guys and girls in novels?
选项 A、They are protagonists that are powerfully stigmatized.
B、They are always afraid of getting ahead of others.
C、They rarely have behaviors that protect the society.
D、They always seek dominant status in society.
答案D
解析 根据文章第三段最后一句…they are obsessed with getting ahead…可知，他们贪恋于追逐社会支配地位，与D选项中seek dominant status的意思一致。所以，正确的答案是D选项。
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