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  3. The list of famous companies founded during economic downturns is long and varied. A 2009 study found that over half of Fortune

The list of famous companies founded during economic downturns is long and varied. A 2009 study found that over half of Fortune

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问题    The list of famous companies founded during economic downturns is long and varied. A 2009 study found that over half of Fortune 500 companies got their start during a downturn or a bear market. A recession, it seems, may not be an entirely bad time to start a company. Indeed, busts (and booms) cast a longer shadow on the business landscape than is commonly realised, because they influence both the rate of business formation and how existing firms are run.
   Some argue that recessions speed up the process of economic restructuring—what Joseph Schumpeter called "creative destruction" . The destruction part is easy to see: downturns kill businesses, leaving boarded-up windows on the high street as their gravestones. But recessions may also spur the creation of new businesses.
   When people suddenly have less money to spend, clever entrepreneurs may see an opportunity to set up businesses that give them what they want more cheaply or efficiently. Downturns may also swell the ranks of potential firm creators, because many who might otherwise have sought a
   stable salary will reinvent themselves as entrepreneurs.
   Tough times do not suddenly prompt everyone to start a business. The vast majority of people who reach working age during a downturn still look for a job. But research also suggests that recessions have lasting effects on how executives manage businesses. Antoinette Schoar and Luo Zuo of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology found that those who began their management careers during a bust were substantially more risk-averse, took on less debt and generally were more conservative managers than the rest of the sample, even many decades later. That will strike critics of the over-leveraged company as thoroughly good news, but it is hard to say whether this effect is entirely benign.
   Bosses whose careers began in a recession also tend to be so concerned about cost-effectiveness that the companies they go on to run spend less on research and development. They may thus be too conservative: firms with bosses whose professional baptism came in a weak economy have lower returns on assets than those run by other managers. Why should this be? One plausible explanation is that recessions affect the way people take decisions.
   Whether they were set up during a boom or a bust, today’s firms are deeply affected by the economic fluctuations of the past.
   
It can be inferred from the first paragraph that_____.
选项 A、the economic downturn is suitable for startups
B、most of Fortune 500 companies were set up during a bear market
C、a bust may not be an entirely bad time to create new businesses
D、it is quite easy to start a company in a recession
答案C
解析 推断题。根据题干定位到第一段。文中提到A recession，it seems，may not be an entirely bad time to start a company(经济衰退时期看起来并非完全不适合创办新公司)，因此C项正确，bust，create new businesses分别是recession，start a company的同义复现。
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