首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Government has traditionally been evaluated in terms of their effects in promoting several principles. We have seen that one of
Government has traditionally been evaluated in terms of their effects in promoting several principles. We have seen that one of
admin
2013-01-20
55
问题
Government has traditionally been evaluated in terms of their effects in promoting several principles. We have seen that one of these——justice——is appropriate to the narrower definition of government as the power to punish. It is punishment, which is administered with justice, and a government, which is successful in balancing aversive consequences, is said to "maximize justice." Our practical support of such a government is probably not due to any such principle, however, but rather to the fact that a just government, in comparison with other governments, is more likely to reinforce the behavior of supporting it.
Another principle commonly appealed to a freedom. That government is said to be best which governs least. The freedom, which is, maximized by a good government is not, however, the freedom, which is at issue in a science of behavior. Under a government, which controls through positive reinforcement the citizen feels free, though he is no less controlled. Freedom from government is freedom from aversive consequences. We choose a form of government, which maximizes freedom for a very simple reason: aversive events are aversive. A government, which makes the least use of its power to punish, is most likely to reinforce our behavior in supporting it.
Another principle currently in fashion is security. Security against aversive governmental control raises the same issue as freedom. So does security from wants, which means security from aversive events which are not specifically arranged by the governing agency-from hunger, cold, or hardship in general, particularly in illness or old age. A government increases security by arranging an environment in which many common aversive consequences do not occur, in which positive consequences are easily achieved, and in which extreme states of deprivation are avoided. Such a government naturally reinforces the behavior of supporting it.
The "fight" of a ruler was an ancient device for explaining his power to role. "Human rights" such as justice, freedom and security are devices for explaining the counter-control exercised by the governed. A man has his rights in the sense that the governing agency is restricted in its power to control him. He asserts these rights along with other citizens when he resists control. "Human fights" are ways of representing certain effects of governing practices——effects which are in general positively reinforcing and which we therefore call good. To "justify" a government in such terms is simply an indirect way of pointing to the effect of the government in reinforcing the behavior of the supporting group.
It is commonly believed that justice, freedom, security, and so on refer to certain more remote consequences in terms of which a form of government may be evaluated. We shall return to this point in section Ⅵ, where we shall see that an additional principle is needed to explain why these principles are chosen as a basis for evaluation.
A government is said to "maximize justice" when it ______.
选项
A、exercises its power of punishment strictly
B、thrives on stabilizing loathing upshot
C、adopts its doctrine successfully
D、supervises justice smoothly
答案
A
解析
第一段第二句说到“正是公正地执行惩罚和成功地平衡不利结果的政府才是最大化的公正。”所以公正主要指惩罚这方面执行的是否公允,而政府有效的平衡不利结果的最好手段也是公正的司法。所以答案A“政府严格地行使惩罚权利”是正确的。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/sZ2O777K
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
OnacoldandrainydaylastFebruary,BruceAlbertsworeagrimexpressionashesteppeduptothemicrophonestomakehisstat
Themunicipalplanningcommissionsaidthattheirfinancialoutlookforthenextyearwasoptimistic.Theyexpectincreasedtax_
Thereisarealpossibilitythattheseanimalscouldbefrightened,____asuddenloudnoise.
(66)Applicationfilesarepiledhighlythismonthincollegesacrossthecountry.(67)Admissionsofficersareporingessaysan
For50yearstheywereabletoproduceandselltheirgoodsmorecheaplythanothercountriesandthisgavethema_____advantage
Writingaboutmusicislikedancingaboutarchitecture,orsothesayinggoes.SometimesattributedtoFrankZappa,othertimes
Althoughwedecoratedtheroomonlysixmonthsago,thepaintontheceilingisalready______becauseofthedamp.
TheproblemofpollutionaswellasseveralotherissuesisgoingtobediscussedwhentheCongressisin______againnextsprin
Everybodywastestime.Insteadofdoinghishomework,theschoolboywatchestelevision.Insteadofwritingheressay,thestuden
Thepassagesuppliesinformationforansweringwhichofthefollowingquestions?
随机试题
胸骨角平对的肋是
下列何种因素与放射性骨坏死的发生关系最为密切
表面紫红色,有多数不规则的深皱纹,剖面边缘向内卷曲的药材为
患者女性,27岁,停经2个月余,阴道出血2天,下腹痛1天,来院就诊。检查:子宫增大,如鹅蛋大小,宫口闭,下列检查最有诊断意义的是
基础工程划分4个施工过程(基槽开挖、垫层、混凝土浇筑、回填土)在5个施工流水段组织固定节拍流水施工,流水节拍为3d,要求混凝土浇筑3d后才能进行回填土施工,其中基槽开挖与垫层施工搭接1d,该工程的流水施工工期为()d。
下列属于浓香型白酒的有()。
哥白尼的“太阳中心说”并非真正科学,但他的巨大进步意义在于()。
—-howlong______you______?—Ihavebeenskatingforthreeweeks.
Althougheconomistshavetraditionallyconsideredthedistricttobesolelyanagriculturalone,the______oftheinhabitants’
SixmonthsafterImetayoungman,heexpressedtomehowmuchhelovedme.Beingsixteenyearsold,Ithoughtittobeveryfl
最新回复
(
0
)