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  3. The impact of decentralization trends, of course, extends well beyond cities. Sprawling development patterns are destabilizing m

The impact of decentralization trends, of course, extends well beyond cities. Sprawling development patterns are destabilizing m

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问题     The impact of decentralization trends, of course, extends well beyond cities. Sprawling development patterns are destabilizing many of the suburbs that surround cities in this country. Older suburbs are experiencing the same challenges as cities: failing schools, persistent crime, and the loss of jobs and businesses to other, further out suburbs. Even suburban areas that are developing rapidly are finding that explosive growth has its drawbacks, especially in the form of overcrowded schools, but also in long commutes and the inability of local governments to pay for new roads, sewers, and other infrastructure.
    In the wake of decentralizing economies, central cities remain the residence of "choice" for low-and moderate-income families. While poverty has declined in central cities, urban poverty rates are still twice as high as suburban poverty rates, 18. 8 percent as against 9. 0 percent in 2011 Cities and older suburbs are also disproportionately home to families whose earnings are above the poverty level, but below median income(national median income is $ 37, 000 a yeas and 200 percent of the poverty for a family of three is $ 27, 000 a year).
    The implications of concentrated poverty are severe. People in these neighborhoods often face a triple whammy: poor schools, weak job information networks, and scarce jobs. They are more likely to live in female-headed households and have less formal educations than residents of other neighborhoods.
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答案 当然，分散化趋势的影响远远超出了城市范围。无序扩张的发展格局破坏着全美各城市周围许多郊区的稳定。年代较久远的郊区经受着和市区同样的挑战：学校教育质量每况愈下，犯罪屡禁不止，就业和商业机会流失到其他更远的郊区。即便是发展迅速的郊区也出现了爆炸式增长的弊端，尤其体现在学校过度拥挤、上下班交通耗时太长，以及当地政府无力出资建造新的道路、下水道和其他基础设施。 尽管经济呈分散化发展，但中低收入家庭仍然选择居住在市中心。虽然市中心的贫困率已经降低，但市区贫困率却仍是郊区的两倍：1997年市区贫困率是18．8％，而郊区却只有9．0％。许多收入高于贫困线却又低于平均线的家庭都选择在市区和年代较久的郊区安家落户，其数量之多超乎寻常(全国平均线是年均2．7万美元，一个三口之家的贫困标准是一年1．35万美元)。 贫困集中化的后果十分严重。这些居住区的居民经常面临着三种打击：学校质量差、工作信息网络薄弱、就业机会少得可怜。和其他居民区相比，这里的家庭更可能由女性当家，居民接受的正规教育也更少。
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