2. 外语
  3. CONTROVERSY ABOUT CAUSING EMOTION (1) The fact that we react to certain experiences with "Emotion" is obvious. For example,

CONTROVERSY ABOUT CAUSING EMOTION (1) The fact that we react to certain experiences with "Emotion" is obvious. For example,

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问题                                         CONTROVERSY ABOUT CAUSING EMOTION
    (1) The fact that we react to certain experiences with "Emotion" is obvious. For example, the feeling of embarrassment, which triggers a physiological response that may cause blushing, is caused by a foolish act committed in the company of friends. Although this description of an embarrassing reaction seems logical, the American psychologist William James, in 1884, believed that the course of an emotional experience follows another sequence of events.
    (2) Following the argument of James, what subjective experience tells us is completely the opposite of the sequence of events in an emotional experience. First, he insisted that both physiological excitement and physical reaction are generated by an incident. Only then does the individual perceive or interpret the physical response as an emotion. That is, we associate blushing that is caused by physical reaction with embarrassment, such as saying something silly may cause us to blush. In 1890, James went on to claim that "people feel sorry because they cry, furious because they strike, afraid because they shudder. " Simultaneously with James’ proposition, Carl Lange, a Danish physiologist and psychologist, independently formulated virtually similar theory. The James-Lange theory of emotion (Lange and James, 1922) suggests that different patterns of arousal in the autonomic nervous system create the different emotions people feel, and that physiological arousal occurs prior to the emotion perceived.
    (3) In 1927, another early theory of emotion that challenged the James-Lange theory was proposed by Walter Cannon. He claimed that physical changes caused by diverse emotions are not sufficiently distinct to allow people to distinguish one emotion from another. [A] After Cannon stated his original theory, in 1934, it was further developed by physiologist Philip Bard. [B] The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion suggests that the following chain of events takes place when an emotion is felt. [C] Stimuli which trigger emotion are received by the senses and then are relayed simultaneously to the cerebral cortex, which imparts the conscious mental experience of the emotion to the sympathetic nervous system, which generates the physiological state of arousal. [D] In other words, the feeling of emotion occurs roughly the same time when the physiological arousal is experienced. One does not cause the other.
    (4) In 1962, Schachter and Singer proposed a two-factor theory of emotion. Schachter thought that the early theories of emotion excluded a critical component, the subjective cognitive interpretation of why a state of arousal has occurred. According to this theory, two things must happen in order for a person to feel an emotion. At first, the person must experience physiological arousal. Then, for the person who can label it as specific emotion, there must be a cognitive interpretation or explanation. Thus, Schachter delivered the conclusion that a true emotion can appear only if a person is physically aroused and can find the reason for it. When people are in a state of physiological arousal but do not know why they are aroused, they tend to label the state as an emotion that is appropriate to their situation at the time. There were several attempts to replicate the findings of this theory, but they have not been successful.
    (5) Richard Lazarus, in 1990, proposed the emotion theory that most heavily emphasizes the cognitive aspect. According to his theory, the first step in an emotional response is cognitive appraisal, and all other aspects of emotion, including physiological arousal, rely on the cognitive appraisal. This theory is most compatible with the subjective experience of an emotion’s sequence of events—the sequence that William James reversed long ago. People first appraise a stimulus, or an event, when they encounter it. This cognitive appraisal determines whether the person will have an emotional response, and, if so, what type of response. From this appraisal, the physiological arousal and all other aspects of the emotion arise. In brief, Lazarus contends that emotions are roused when cognitive appraisals of events or circumstances are positive or negative—but not neutral.
    (6) Some critics criticize the Lazarus theory by saying that some emotional reactions are instantaneous, which means they occur too rapidly to pass through a cognitive appraisal. In response to the criticisms, Lazarus remarks that some mental processing occurs without conscious awareness, meaning that a person should not know what he or she is responding to or what emotion to feel, or else, some form of cognitive realization must manifest but brief.
According to paragraph 4, the Schachter-Singer theory is different from earlier theories of emotion in which of the following ways?
选项 A、It suggests that there are several steps in an emotional experience.
B、It shows the reason that people do not understand why they are physiologically aroused.
C、It says that the first step of an emotional experience is physiological arousal.
D、It explains that people must decide why they are aroused to experience emotion.
答案D
解析 本题属于事实信息题，问根据第4段沙赫特.辛格理论在哪方面不同于早期的情绪理论。第4段第2句提到，早期的情绪理论缺少了一个关键因素，即对生理唤醒状态产生原因的主观认知解释。可见，沙赫特.辛格的两因素情绪理论与早期情绪理论相比，增加了对生理唤醒状态产生原因的主观认知解释，故选D项“解释人们必须找到他们被生理唤醒而后体验情绪的原因”。A项“表明情绪体验有几个步骤”同时符合主观感受(第1段)和詹姆斯的情绪学说的内容(第2段)，是沙赫特.辛格理论和早期的情绪理论共有的内容，B项“说明人们不理解他们为何会被生理唤醒的原因”错误，该段并没有解释这个原因是什么。C项“说明情绪体验的第一步是生理唤醒”同时也符合詹姆斯情绪学说的观点(第2段)。
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