2. 外语
  3. The work for which Thomas Malthus is still most widely known is his Essay on the Principle of Population, which first appeared i

The work for which Thomas Malthus is still most widely known is his Essay on the Principle of Population, which first appeared i

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问题     The work for which Thomas Malthus is still most widely known is his Essay on the Principle of Population, which first appeared in 1798. This book introduced Malthus’s【C1】______ that population inescapably outgrows subsistence(生活资料), and that this difference【C2】______ population size and the ability to adequately meet the【C3】______ subsistence needs of all the members of that population " naturally " produces a fundamental struggle for【C4】______ , in which some flourish at the【C5】______ of others.
    Charles Darwin’s most important contribution【C6】______ the field of biology, described in his work, On the Origin of Species, was to【C7】______Malthus’s observation that plants and animals multiply faster than nature can provide for them to his own【C8】______ of the process of "evolution"—the notion that different forms of life develop【C9】______ from a common ancestry(祖先). Combining these elements, Darwin【C10】______that the factors of " the struggle for existence" and "the survival of the fittest" are the central mechanisms【C11】______ which evolution is based. In this sense, then, Darwin introduced the possibility【C12】______ conflict and struggle are biological phenomena, which are【C13】______central to human social existence.
    A number of more contemporary social thinkers were【C14】______ by Darwin and continued this particular version of the conflict perspective, commonly referred to【C15】______ social Darwinism, into the twentieth century. Thus, for example, Herbert Spencer, a【C16】______ English social theorist, applied these ideas of the natural【C17】______of conflict and survival of the fittest to his notion of social evolution,【C18】______ William Graham Sumner, an American sociologist, saw the【C19】______ for survival among individual actors as operating to bring about fundamental【C20】______ in the quality of human social life overall.
【C12】
选项 A、which
B、where
C、that
D、how
答案C
解析 关系词辨析。根据句意，达尔文提出了一种可能性假说，即冲突和斗争是生物学现象，而这些现象对于人类社会的存在绝对是非常重要的。可以看出“冲突和斗争是生物学现象”正是对这种“可能性”的解释说明，即这里是一个同位语从句，故that为答案。
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大学英语四级

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