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  3. Scholastic thinkers held a wide variety of doctrines in both philosophy and theology, the study of religion. What gives unity to

Scholastic thinkers held a wide variety of doctrines in both philosophy and theology, the study of religion. What gives unity to

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问题     Scholastic thinkers held a wide variety of doctrines in both philosophy and theology, the study of religion. What gives unity to the whole Scholastic movement, the academic practice in Europe from the 9th to the 17th centuries, are the common aims, attitudes, and methods generally accepted by all its members. The chief concern of the Scholastics was not to discover new facts but to integrate the knowledge already acquired separately by Greek reasoning and Christian revelation. This concern is one of the most characteristic differences between Scholasticism and modern thought since the Renaissance.
    The basic aim of the Scholastics determined certain common attitudes, the most important of which was their conviction of the fundamental harmony between reason and revelation. The Scholastics maintained that because the same God was the source of both types of knowledge and truth was one of his chief attributes, he could not contradict himself in these two ways of speaking. Any apparent opposition between revelation and reason could be traced either to an incorrect use of reason or to an inaccurate interpretation of the words of revelation. Because the Scholastics believed that revelation was the direct teaching of God, it possessed for them a higher degree of truth and certainty than did natural reason. In apparent conflicts between religious faith and philosophic reasoning, faith was thus always the supreme arbiter; the theologians’ decision overruled that of the philosopher. After the early 13th century, Scholastic thought emphasized more the independence of philosophy within its own domain. Nonetheless, throughout the Scholastic period, philosophy was called the servant of theology, not only because the truth of philosophy was subordinated to that of theology, but also because the theologian used philosophy to understand and explain revelation.
    This attitude of Scholasticism stands in sharp contrast to the so-called double-truth theory of the Spanish-Arab philosopher and physician Averroes. His theory assumed that truth was accessible to both philosophy and Islamic theology but that only philosophy could attain it perfectly. The so-called truths of theology served, hence, as imperfect imaginative expressions for the common people of the authentic truth accessible only to philosophy. Averroes maintained that philosophic truth could even contradict, at least verbally, the teachings of Islamic theology.
    As a result of their belief in the harmony between faith and reason, the Scholastics attempted to determine the precise scope and competence of each of these faculties. Many early Scholastics, such as the Italian ecclesiastic and philosopher St. Anselm, did not clearly distinguish the two and were overconfident that reason could prove certain doctrines of revelation. Later, at the height of the mature period of Scholasticism, the Italian theologian and philosopher St. Thomas Aquinas worked out a balance between reason and revelation.
It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that_____.
选项 A、the position of philosophy as a humble servant was accepted
B、religion had turned into a hamper to the functioning of philosophy
C、philosophers often quoted revelation to support themselves
D、philosophers were sometimes referred to in religious practice
答案D
解析 这是一道推论题。文章第二段指出：经院哲学家的基本目标决定了他们的某些共同看法，其中最重要的一点就是他们确信，推理和启示之间存在着根本的和谐；在宗教信仰和哲学推理之间的表面冲突中，信仰总是终极裁决者；神学家的决断否定了哲学家的决断：在整个经院哲学时期，哲学被称作神学的追随者，这不仅是因为哲学原理从属于神学原理，还因为神学家利用哲学理解和解释启示。由此可知，哲学家也参与宗教实践活动。D说“哲学家有时也从事宗教实践”，这与文章的意思符合。与A有关的信息是该段的倒数第二句话，文中是说“13世纪早期之后，经院派思想更强调哲学在其领域内的独立性”，说明哲学的追随者地位并没有被接受，所以A不对。文中没有提到B。与C有关的信息是该段的最后一句话，文中是说“这不仅是因为哲学原理从属于神学原理，还因为神学家利用哲学理解和解释启示”，说明C不对。
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