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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow has developed a famous theory of human needs, which can be arranged in order of im
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow has developed a famous theory of human needs, which can be arranged in order of im
admin
2010-06-18
52
问题
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow has developed a famous theory of
human needs, which can be arranged in order of importance.
Physiological needs: the most【1】______ ones for【1】______
survival. They include such needs as food, water, etc.
And there is usually one way to satisfy these needs.
Safety needs: needs for a) physical security;
b)【2】______security. 【2】______
The former means no illness or injury, while the
latter is concerned with freedom from worries, misfortunes,
etc. These needs can be met through a variety of
means, e.g. job security,【3】______ plans, and safe【3】______
working conditions.
【4】______: human requirements for 【4】______
a) love and affection;
b)【5】______ 【5】______
There are two ways to satisfy these needs:
a) formation of relationships at work-
place;
b) formation of relationships outside
workplace.
Esteem needs: a) self-esteem, i.e. one’s sense of a-
chievement ;
b) esteem of others, i. e. other’s
respect as a result of one’s【6】______ 【6】______
These needs can be fulfilled by achievement, promotion,
honours, etc. 【7】______: need to realize one’s potential. Ways【7】______
to realize these needs are individually different.
Features of the hierarchy of needs:
a) Social, esteem and self-realization needs are ex-
clusively【8】______needs. 【8】______
b) Needs are. satisfied in【9】______from the bet-【9】______
tom up.
c) Motivation for needs comes from the lowest un-
met level.
d) Different levels of needs may【10】______ 【10】______
when they come into play.
【8】
Good morning, everybody. Today’s lecture is about Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. This seems like a psychological topic. Actually, it is something psychological. Abraham Maslow is a psychologist, and he’s especially known for his theory of human needs.
OK, first of all, what is a need? Here, we can simply define it as a personal requirement. Maslow believed that humans are "wanting" beings who seek to fulfill a variety of needs. According to his theory, these needs can be arranged in an order according to their importance. It is this order that has become known as Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
In this hierarchy of needs, at the most basic level are physiological needs. Fundamentally, humans are just one species of animal. We need to keep ourselves alive. Physiological needs are what we require for survival. These needs include food and water, shelter, and sleep. At this level, for us humans, Maslow also includes the need for clothing. How are these needs usually satisfied? It is mainly through adequate wages.
Then, what is the next level of needs? At the next level are safety needs, the things we require for physical and emotional security. Physical security is easy to understand. Everybody needs to keep his body safe from injury illness, etc. Then, what is emotional security? Well, that’s maybe the point in this hierarchy of needs where humans begin to differ from other animals. We are thinking animals. We have worries. What if I lost my job? What if I were struck down by a severe disease? Besides physical security, we need to think we are safe from misfortunes both now and in the foreseeable future. How can these needs be met then? According to Maslow, safety needs may be satisfied through job security, health insurance, pension plans, and safe working conditions.
After this stage come the levels of needs that are particular to human beings. The immediately following level are the social needs. Under this category, Maslow puts our requirements for love and affection and a sense of belonging. We need to be loved. We need to belong to a group, not just a family, in which we can share with others a common interest. In Maslow’s view, these needs can be satisfied through the work environment and some informal organizations. Certainly, we also need social relationships beyond the workplace, for example, with family and friends.
Next, the level of esteem needs. What are esteem needs then? They include both the need of self-esteem and the need of esteem of others. Self-esteem is a sense of our own achievements and worth. We need to believe that we are successful, we are no worse, if no better, than others. The esteem of others is the respect and recognition we gain from other people, either through our work or our activities in other social groups. The ways to satisfy esteem needs include personal achievements, promotion to more responsible jobs, various honors and awards, and other forms of recognition.
What follows is the top level of this hierarchy of needs. These are the self-realization needs. In other words, they are the needs to grow and develop as people, the needs to become all that we are capable of being. These are the most difficult needs to satisfy. Whether one can achieve this level or not perhaps determines whether one can be a great man or just an ordinary man. Of course, it depends on different people. The means of satisfying them tend to vary greatly with the individual. For some people, learning a new skill, starting a new career after retirement could quite well satisfy their self-realization needs. Well for other people, it could be becoming "the best there is" in certain areas; it could be becoming the President of the IBM. Anyway, being "great" or ordinary is what others think, while self-realization is largely individual.
Maslow suggested that people work to satisfy their physiological needs first, then their safety needs, and so on up the "needs ladder. " In general, they are motivated by the needs at the lowest level that remain unsatisfied. However, needs at one level do not have to be completely satisfied before needs at the next higher level come into play. If the majority of a person’s physiological and safety needs are satisfied, that person will be motivated primarily by social needs. But any physiological and safety needs that remain unsatisfied will keep playing an important role.
OK, that’s the general picture of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Just to sum up, I’ve briefly introduced to you Maslow’s theory. Maslow thinks there are five kinds of human needs, with each one being more important than the preceding one. I hope that you’ve found his ideas interesting, and in our next lecture we’ll mainly discuss the practical implication of his theory.
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答案
human/individual/spiritual
解析
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专业英语八级
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