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  3. What if all Londoners, no matter how young or weak smoked for at least six years? In effect, they already do. 【F1】The city’s air

What if all Londoners, no matter how young or weak smoked for at least six years? In effect, they already do. 【F1】The city’s air

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问题    What if all Londoners, no matter how young or weak smoked for at least six years? In effect, they already do. 【F1】The city’s air pollution exacts an equivalent toll on each resident, cutting short the lives of nearly 10,000 people each year and damaging the lungs, hearts and brains of children.
   Yet few Londoners realize the things are this bad. Citizens of other big cities in the rich world are equally self-satisfied. Official air quality indices do exist They alert people when to stay at home, particularly those with asthma and other medical troubles. 【F2】But these indices focus on the immediate risk to health, which for most people are serious only when the air is almost unbreathable. No equivalent source of information exists to warn residents about the dangers that accumulate from much lower amounts of pollution. 【F3】It is all too easy for people to take the short-term index, which says "low pollution" most of the time, as an agent for their lifelong risks.
   Easy, and wrong. 【F4】Analysis of one year’s worth of pollution data from 15 big cities in the rich world by The Economist shows how far from the truth such assumption can be. Daytime levels of nitrogen dioxide in London exceeded the limit for hazardous one-year exposure for 79% of the time, and were on average 41% above the guideline. About half the time both nitrogen dioxide and fine particulates were above the limit In daytime Paris, at least one of those pollution exceeded the WHO’s limit for 82% of the time. 【F5】Pollution is less of a problem in American cities, partly because most cars run on petrol and emit less nitrogen dioxide than vehicles which are preferred in Europe.
   A dependable long-term air quality index, similar in design to existing short-term gauges, is needed in the world’s big cities. That would educate policymakers and voters about the nature of the problem. It would help doctors give routine advice to pregnant women, children and other more vulnerable people on how to reduce exposure to pollution. And it would enable the development of apps and products that can deliver practical advice to everyone.
   Reducing air pollution may take lots of money, time and compromise. But telling people just how bad pollution is for them and how to avoid it is easy and cheap. Not everyone will heed the advice. But even if a minority do, thousands of people in every big city will live longer, healthier lives.
【F2】
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答案但是这些指数只关注对于健康的直接风险，只有当空气到了几乎不能让人呼吸的地步时，大多数人才意识到这种风险很严重。
解析 ①本句为主从复合句。②主句中的不定式短语to health作后置定语，修饰the immediate risk，指明直接风险的对象是人的健康。③which引导的非限定性定语从句先行词是the immediate risk to heath。④句末带有when引导的时间状语从句，only when意为“仅当、只有到了……时”，此从句说明只有空气到了几乎不能让人呼吸的情况时，大多数人才意识到这种风险的严重性。
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